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Alan Soule NBEAA PR Director Tesla Roadster owner

The Science of Electric Vehicles Alan Soule and Chris Jones North Bay Electric Auto Association www.nbeaa.org Presentation to Science Buzz Café French Garden Restaurant, Sebastopol July 22, 2010 6:30 PM This presentation is posted at www.nbeaa.org/presentations/ev_science.pdf . Chris Jones

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Alan Soule NBEAA PR Director Tesla Roadster owner

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  1. The Science of Electric VehiclesAlan Soule and Chris JonesNorth Bay Electric Auto Associationwww.nbeaa.orgPresentation to Science Buzz CaféFrench Garden Restaurant, Sebastopol July 22, 2010 6:30 PMThis presentation is posted at www.nbeaa.org/presentations/ev_science.pdf.

  2. Chris Jones NBEAA President Mustang EV Converter Alan Soule NBEAA PR Director Tesla Roadster owner

  3. Agenda Reasons to Drive an EV EV Components Buying an EV Driving an EV The Tesla Roadster EV Show and Tell

  4. Reasons to Drive an EV Energy Independence 60% of 2006 US oil consumption was imported per the US Government Energy Information Administration Basic Petroleum Statistics, www.eia.doe.gov/neic/quickfacts/quickoil.html. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Transportation accounted for 42% of greenhouse gas emissions in Sonoma County in 2000, according to the Climate Protection Campaign’s January 2005 report “Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory for all sectors of Sonoma County, California”, www.climateprotectioncampaign.org/news/documents/AP_INVEN.PDF. Air and Water Pollution Reduction Asthma cost $12.7B in 1998 and can be caused by vehicle exhaust, per the Center for Disease Control “Asthma Speaker’s Kit”, www.cdc.gov/asthma/speakit/default.htm. See www.nbeaa.org/bev_faq.htm for more frequently asked EV questions.

  5. Energy Independence 100% 71% Non-Renewable Energy Consumed: 24% 0% Efficiency of fuel input to motor shaft output only. Energy to make EV can be higher, but it makes up a small amount of the total energy consumed from cradle to grave of an ICE. Emissions vary based on type of fuel used to power the grid.

  6. Greenhouse Gas Reduction

  7. Cost The great news: EVs cost far less to operate. Tesla Roadster: 71% less gas (Lotus Elise): $3 per gallon / 22 MPG = $.14 per mile electric: $.12 per kWh / 3.5 miles per kWh = $.04 per mile Mustang Conversion: 60% less gas: $3 per gallon / 20 MPG = $.15 per mile electric: $.12 per kWh / 2.0 miles per kWh = $.06 per mile Note: charging at peak rate is more, but less with an E9 Time of Use PG&E meter, solar, or free work or public charging.

  8. Cost The bad news: EVs can cost more to own overall if you purchase or convert one with advanced technology, and gas prices remain low. The following examples for our vehicles assume car is scrapped in 10 years, the batteries deliver enough power and capacity for the life of the car, there is no significant difference in maintenance cost, and gas prices do not increase.

  9. Cost The good news: EVs will cost less to own if EV prices come down, or if EV incentives or gas prices go up. The following example for the Nissan Leaf assumes car is delivered as announced, is scrapped in 10 years, the batteries deliver enough power and capacity for the life of the car, there is no significant difference in maintenance cost, and gas prices do not increase.

  10. EV Components Motor Batteries and Electronics

  11. 2-Pole Series Wound DC Motor Demonstration Armature Windings Field Windings Commutator Brush Current flows through the brushes, commutator, armature windings and field windings to create electromagnetic forces that oppose each other, which causes the armature to turn.

  12. Electric Motor Types The “field” produces a magnetic field to be acted upon by armature; it can be an electromagnet or permanent magnet. The “armature” carries current normal to field to generate torque.

  13. Electric Motor Types

  14. Nail / Tube / Salt Water Battery Demonstration

  15. Nail / Tube / Salt Water Battery Demonstration A chemical reaction between the zinc nail, salt water and copper tube causes current to flow through the LED, which causes it to light up.

  16. Battery Types

  17. Batteries in Development Stanford University Silicon Nanowire electrodes have 3X capacity improvement expected for Lithium batteries Not technically a battery, but MIT Nanotube ultracapacitors have very high power, 1M+ cycle energy storage approaching Lithium battery capacity

  18. Motor and Battery Charge Control via Pulse Width Modulation on off 100% duty cycle 75% 50% 25% 0% on off on off on off on off time Reducing the duty cycle reduces the power delivered to the load.

  19. Switch Mode Power Supply Buck Regulator: a common building block for motor and charge control To load: motor or batteries Filter capacitors Freewheel diodes From power source: batteries, grid or motor in regen mode From PWM control circuit Power switching transistors: MOSFETs or IGBTs When power is applied to input, capacitors are charged up. When transistors are switched on, current flows from the batteries and capacitors to the motor. When the transistors are off, the capacitors are recharged by the batteries while current flows from the motor to the freewheel diodes while the motor’s magnetic field collapses to keep from increasing the voltage across the transistor to the point of failure.

  20. Buying an EV in the U.S. Refer to Plug In America “Plug-in vehicle tracker” Currently available EV’s in California: Tesla Roadster ($109,000) EV’s Scheduled for production: Audi e-tron 2011 ? BMW ActiveE 2011 ? CODA 2010 $45,000 Daimler Smart EV 2012 ? Ford Focus 2011 ? Hyundai i10 Electric 2012 ? Mitsubishi iMiEV 2010 $47,000 Nissan Leaf 2011 $22,000 Peugeot iOn 2011 ? Rolls Royce 2010 ~$500,000 Tesla Model S 2012 $50,000 Toyota Rav4 (Tesla drivetrain) 2012 ?

  21. Driving an EV The process of driving an EV is no different than drive an ICE car • High torque for quick acceleration • No shifting (no transmission) • Regenerative braking – monitoring your speed with the gas pedal • No loss of Range going up hill, as long as you come down • Charging outdoors in the rain is not a problem • Accurate metering of charge to monitor how much Range is left • HOV exemption for EV’s until the end of 2015 Range is the biggest concern • Charge at home at night and start out every day with full Range • Wind resistance is the biggest factor affecting Range • Currently, a trip that requires charging, requires planning because of limited public chargers

  22. Tesla Roadster TESLA BATTERY ELECTRICAL CAPACITY: 52.8 KWHR CELL CAPACITY: 7.73 WHR (2.2 AMPHR) QUANTITY OF CELLS: 6,831 CELLS PER BRICK: 69 BRICKS PER MODULE: 9 MODULES PER BATTERY: 11 BATTERY WEIGHT: 970 LB.S (CHARGED OR NOT) ELECTRON CAPACITY: 34.1328 X 10 to the 23rd WEIGHT OF “FUEL”: 0.003089 grams (GRAIN OF SALT) CRASH TEST: 50 MPH REAR IMPACT ACID LEAK TEST HANG CAR VERTICALLY FOR 12 HR.S

  23. TESLA MOTOR • 375 volt AC induction air-cooled electric motor with variable frequency drive • Max Net Power: 248 HP (185 kW) @ 5000-8000 rpm (40-65 MPH) • Max rpm 14,000 Efficiency 92% average, 85% at peak power • Torque 276 ft/lb (375 Nm) @ 0-4500 rpm (0-40 MPH)

  24. TESLA TRANSMISSION • Single speed fixed gear with electrically-actuated parking lock mechanism and mechanical lubrication pump • Overall Final Drive 8.28:1 • Reverse direction of motor, limited to 15 mph

  25. Tesla Battery Fabrication and Disposal Lithium is the lightest naturally occurring element Largest Producers are located in Chile (65% of world’s total), Argentina, Australia and China with a large deposit being developed in Bolivia Largest manufacturer of Lithium products is China Tesla battery is manufactured in Japan. The manufacturer complies with the “Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment” After use in the car, batteries can be used to level off grid power The battery modules will be recycled by Toxco in British Columbia The results of the current recycling process are: 60% of the materials are recycled 10% of the materials are reused 25% of the materials are disposed of http://www.teslamotors.com/blog/mythbusters-part-3-recycling-our-non-toxic-battery-packs

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