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Flowers and Fruit

Flowers and Fruit. Flower Structure. Generalized flowers - 2 outer sets of sterile parts, 2 inner sets of fertile parts Outer sterile part - sepals, collectively the calyx - may do photosynthesis, protect flower, usually like leaves in texture, protect bud - form outer covering of bud

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Flowers and Fruit

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  1. Flowers and Fruit

  2. Flower Structure • Generalized flowers - 2 outer sets of sterile parts, 2 inner sets of fertile parts • Outer sterile part - sepals, collectively the calyx - may do photosynthesis, protect flower, usually like leaves in texture, protect bud - form outer covering of bud • Next sterile part - petals - not like leaves in texture, usually not green, collectively called corolla - petalloid - petal like in appearance • Both sepals and petals can be fused - so sepals joined together, petals joined together • Perianth - calyx and corolla together - used when the two cannot be distinguished - sometimes sepals and petals are called tepals for perianth if very similar in appearance – like in Tulips • If only one set of sterile parts, they are always called sepals; sometimes whole perianth is missing • First fertile parts - stamens - male – androecium - Can be sterile and modified to look like petals • Innermost fertile parts - pistils, female - gynoecium

  3. Yellow rose – many “petals” are actually modified sterile “petalloid” stamens

  4. Carpels and Ovaries • Flowering plants always have enclosed ovary wrapped in a carpel - nonflowering plants don't - this is the vessel of the angiosperm • Carpel is highly modified leaf - a simple pistil is one ovary • Pistil may be made up of one carpel or several fused carpels • Often the bottom part called the ovary, with stigma at top to receive pollen, style connects them - fused carpels may have separate style and stigma or they may all be fused

  5. Helleborus – five separate carpels

  6. Malus – crab apple – typical flower structure

  7. Plant Sexuality • Monoecious - separate flowers for male and female both on one plant - corn • Dioecious - male and female plants are separate - separate sexes - gingko • Perfect flower - flower has stamens and carpels – bisexual flowers • Imperfect flower - lacks either stamens or carpels - will be staminate or carpellate (pistillate) • Complete - has sepals, petals, stamens and carpels • Incomplete - lacking one of the 4 main flower parts

  8. Complete and Incomplete Flowers

  9. Jatropha – monoecious but insect pollinated Female left, male right

  10. Dioecious - Holly Female flower Male flower Berries on female

  11. Inflorescence terms • Often flowers, especially small flowers, are gathered into a structure known as an inflorescence – an aggregation of flowers on a single flowering branch • bract - more or less modified leaf that subtends flower or flower groups - bract can look like normal leaf • bract can also look like petal - petalous - dogwoods have big white "petals" that are really petaloid bracts • peduncle - stalk of cluster of flowers • pedicel - stalk of individual flower • petiole - leaf stalk

  12. Dogwood with petalloid leafy bracts

  13. Types of Inflorescence 1. indeterminant - youngest flower at apex - in theory could produce flowers forever - some may by fruiting while apex still flowering - include - racemes, panicle, spike, corymb, head, umbel, catkin 2. determinant - oldest flowers at apex - moving down younger flowers - cyme, scorpiod cyme

  14. Raceme Larkspur

  15. Panicle Panicum - switchgrass

  16. Spike – prairie blazing star

  17. Corymb

  18. Umbel Wild parsnip Queen Anne’s Lace

  19. Sunflower – Composite head inflorescence

  20. Catkin Alder catkin

  21. Scorpoid Cyme Onosmodium

  22. Skunk cabbage inflorescence – a spathe and spadix

  23. Pollination syndromes among the phloxes

  24. Magnolia – beetle pollinated

  25. Honeybee covered with pollen

  26. Scotch broom – bee pollinated

  27. Honeybee pollinating beebalm – Monarda sp.

  28. With visible light with UV light Nectar guides for honeybees

  29. Cyrtid fly pollinating a composite

  30. Caralluma – carrion fly pollinated

  31. Erysimum – butterfly pollinated

  32. Episcia – moth pollinated

  33. Hummingbird pollination

  34. Ipomopsis aggregata – hummingbird pollinated

  35. Greater double-collared sunbird

  36. Proteus – pollinated by perching birds

  37. Bat Pollination

  38. Box elder – wind pollinated – female left, male right

  39. Wild oats – Whole plant

  40. Wild oat flower – close up

  41. Fruit Types • A fruit may be defined as a matured ovary • There are two basic fruit types – dry or fleshy. These types arise from the development of the pericarp • The pericarp may become dry and these form dry fruits • The pericarp may also become soft, thick and fleshy – and these form fleshy fruits

  42. Apples and Pears

  43. Violet flower types

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