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Stormwater Management

Annual Conference on Watershed Conservation 2002 September 20, 2002 Amherst, MA. Stormwater Management. Eric Winkler, Ph.D. and Susan Guswa, P.E. Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy University of Massachusetts. www.ceere.org. Presentation Outline.

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Stormwater Management

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  1. Annual Conference on Watershed Conservation 2002 September 20, 2002 Amherst, MA Stormwater Management Eric Winkler, Ph.D. and Susan Guswa, P.E. Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy University of Massachusetts www.ceere.org

  2. Presentation Outline • Water Quantity and Quality Issues • Rules Today and Tomorrow • Structural and Non-Structural Controls • Metrics and Measures Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  3. Hydrologic Cycle http://www.mde.state.md.us/environment/wma/stormwatermanual/ Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  4. Inland Natural Systems Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  5. Water Quantity Effects • Increased flooding potential • Changes to streambed morphology http://www.forester.net, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  6. Water Quantity Effects Decrease in base flows Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  7. Water Quality Effects • Increased pollutant load • Habitat degradation • Public health and recreation impacts Sean Chamberlain, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  8. Water Quality Effects Nutrient and Sediment Transport Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  9. Stormwater Pollution Sources • Urban runoff • Construction • Agriculture • Forestry • Grazing • Septic systems • Recreational boating • Habitat degradation • Physical changes to stream channels http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  10. Flood Control /Conveyance http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/recreati/lvl, 2002 http://www.lawrenceks.org, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  11. Water Quality – Stormwater Constituents • Sediment • Nutrients: nitrogen and phosphorous • Oil, grease, and organic chemicals • Bacteria and viruses • Salt • Metals http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  12. Stormwater ConstituentsMedian Concentrations Source: U.S. EPA, Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, 1983. Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  13. Stormwater Management Challenges • Variability of Flows (Duration, Frequency, Intensity) • Difference between peak control and treatment objectives • Different water quality constituents require different treatment mechanisms • Site-to-site variability of quantity and quality • Maintenance of non-centralized treatment units • Monitoring and measurement Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  14. Treatment Events • Criteria for Storm Events Figure 6. Cumulative Rainfall record for Boston Logan 1920 - 1999. Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  15. Sizing Systems • Intensity / Duration Frequency Relation Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  16. Calculating Peak Runoff Rates • Rainfall Runoff Analysis /Rational Method Qp = CiA C = constant runoff coefficient i = rainfall intensity A = drainage area (tc = time of concentration < rainfall duration) Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  17. Federal Regulations • 1987 Clean Water Act Amendments (U.S. EPA) • 1990 Phase I National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Storm Water Program • 1999 Phase II NPDES Storm Water Program • 1990 Costal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments, Section 6217 (U.S. EPA / NOAA) • Costal Zone Management Program Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  18. NPDES Permit Program • Goal: reduce negative impacts to water quality and aquatic habitat • Requirement: develop storm water pollution prevention plans (SWPPPs) or storm water management programs with minimum control measures • Implementation: use best management practices (BMPs) Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  19. Phase I "Medium" and "large" municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) located in incorporated places or counties with populations of 100,000 or more Eleven categories of industrial activity, one of which is construction activity that disturbs five or more acres of land Phase II Certain regulated small municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) Construction activity disturbing between 1 and 5 acres of land (i.e., small construction activities) NPDES Applicability Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  20. Phase II Minimum Control Measures • Public education and outreach on storm water impacts • Public involvement/participation • Illicit discharge detection and elimination • Construction site storm water runoff control • Post-construction storm water management in new development and redevelopment • Pollution prevention/good housekeeping for municipal operations Website for EPA NPDES Phase II Fact Sheets: http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/swfinal.cfm Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  21. Massachusetts Regulations • Clean Waters Act • Wetlands Protection Act • Rivers Protection Act • 1997 Stormwater Management Standards • Developed jointly by CZM and DEP • Federal permits need to meet Stormwater Management Standards • Administered by DEP and Conservation Commissions Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  22. Stormwater Management Standards • No new untreated storm water discharges allowed • Post-development peak flow discharge rates < pre-development peak rates • Minimize loss of recharge to groundwater • Remove 80% of average annual total suspended solids (TSS) load (post development) • Discharges from areas with higher potential pollutant loads require use of specific BMPs Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  23. Stormwater Management Standards • Storm water discharges to critical area require use of approved BMPs designed to treat 1 inch runoff volume (post development) • Redevelopment sites must meet the Standards • Construction sites must utilize sediment and erosion controls • Storm water systems must have an operation and management plan Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  24. Non-Structural BMPs • Pollution prevention/source control • Street sweeping • Storm water collection system cleaning and maintenance • Low impact development and land use planning • Snow and snowmelt management • Public Education http://www.tennatoco.com/stormwater, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  25. Better Design • Green roofs • High Density • Grassed/Porous Pavement http://www.lrcusace.army.ml, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  26. Detention/Retention and Vegetated Treatment: detention basins, wet retention ponds, constructed wetlands, water quality swales Filtration: sand and organic filters Advanced Sedimentation/Separation: hydrodynamic separators, oil and grit chamber Infiltration: infiltration trenches, infiltration basins, dry wells (rooftop infiltration) Pretreatment: water quality inlets, hooded and deep sump catch basins, sediment traps (forebays), and drainage channels Structural BMPs Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  27. Detention Basins • TSS Removal Efficiency: • 60-80% average • 70% design • Key Features: • Large area • Peak flow control • Maintenance: low • Cost: low to moderate Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  28. Wet (Retention) Ponds • Removal Efficiency: • 60-80% average • 70% design • Key Features: • Large area • Peak flow control • Maintenance: low to moderate • Cost: low to high http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002 Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  29. Constructed Wetlands • Removal Efficiency: • 65-80% average • 70% design • Key Features: • Large area • Peak flow control • Biological treatment • Maintenance: low to moderate • Cost: marginally higher than wet ponds http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002 Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  30. Removal Efficiency: 60-80% average 70% design Key Features: Higher pollutant removal rates than drainage channels Transport peak runoff and provide some infiltration Maintenance: low to moderate Cost: low to moderate Water Quality Swales http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002 Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  31. Removal Efficiency: 75-80% average 80% design Features: Preserves natural water balance on site Susceptible to clogging Reduces downstream impacts Maintenance: high Cost: moderate to high Infiltration Trenches/Basins StormTech, subsidiary to Infiltrator Systems, Inc, 2002 Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  32. Dry Wells • Removal Efficiency: • 80% average • 80% design • On-site infiltration • For untreated storm water from roofs only (copper excluded) Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  33. Removal Efficiency: 80% average 80% design Design Features: Large area Peak flow control Maintenance: high Cost: high Sand and Organic Filters http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002 Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  34. Removal Efficiency: 15-35% average 25% design Design Features: Debris removal Pretreatment Maintenance: moderate to high Cost: low to high Inlets and Catch Basins Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  35. Removal Efficiency: 25% average 25% design Design Features: Pretreatment Retrofit expansion Larger space requirement than inlet. Maintenance: moderate Cost: low to moderate Sediment Traps/Forebays Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  36. Innovative BMPs - Advanced Sedimentation • Removal Efficiency: • 50-80% average • 80% design • Design Features: • small area • Oil and Grease control • Maintenance: moderate • Cost: moderate Rinker Inc, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  37. Innovative BMPs - Sand Filtration • Removal Efficiency: • 50-80% average • 80% design • Design Features: • small area • Nutrient and pathogen (potential) • Maintenance: moderate • Cost: moderate Stormtreat Inc, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  38. Innovative BMPs - Hydrodynamic • Removal Efficiency: • 50-80% average • 80% design • Design Features: • small area • Oil and Grease control • Maintenance: moderate • Cost: moderate Vortechs Inc, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  39. Innovative BMPs – Media Filtration • Removal Efficiency: • 50-80% average • 80% design • Design Features: • small area • Oil and Grease control • Maintenance: moderate • Cost: moderate Stormwater Management Inc, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  40. Innovative BMPs – Inlet Inserts • Removal Efficiency: • To be determined • Design Features: • Retrofit • Construction • Oil and Grease control • Maintenance: moderate • Cost: moderate http://www.stormdrainsfilters.com, 2002 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  41. Water Quality Monitoring TARP- Technology Acceptance Reciprocity Program • Address technology review and approval barriers in policy and regulations; • Accept the performance tests and data from partner’s review to reduce subsequent review and approval time; • Use the Protocol for state-led initiatives, grants, and verification or certification programs; and • Share technology information with potential users in the public and private sectors using existing state supported programs CA IL MA MD NJ NY PA VA TX Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  42. Performance Verification - TARP • Storm Event Criteria to Sample • More than 0.1 inch of total rainfall. • A minimum inter-event period of 6 hours, where cessation of flow from the system begins the inter-event period. • Obtain flow-weighted composite samples covering a minimum of 70 % of the total storm flow, including as much of the first 20 % of the storm as possible. • A minimum of 10 water quality samples (i.e., 10 influent and 10 effluent samples) should be collected per storm event. • Determining a Representative Data Set • At least 50 % of the total annual rainfall must be sampled, for a minimum of 15 inches of precipitation and at least 15, but preferably 20, storms. Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  43. Performance Verification - TARP • Stormwater Sampling Locations • Sampling locations for stormwater BMPs should be taken at inlet and outlet. • Sampling Methods • Programmable automatic flow samplers with continuous flow measurements should be used • Grab samples used for: pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols, residual chlorine, oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), E coli, total coliform, fecal coliform and streptococci, and enterococci. • Stormwater Flow Measurement Methods • Primary and secondary flow measurement devices are required. Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  44. Performance Verification - TARP • Sample Data Quality Assurance and Control • Equipment decontamination, • Preservation, • Holding time, • Volume, • QC samples (spikes, blanks, splits, and field and lab duplicates), • QA on sampling equipment • Packaging and shipping, • Identification and labeling, and • Chain-of-custody. Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  45. Performance Verification - TARP Calculating BMP Efficiencies (ASCE BMP Efficiencies Task 3.1) • Process efficiencies or removal rates should be determined from influent and effluent contaminant concentration and flow data. • Efficiency Ratio, • Summation of Loads, • Regression of Loads, • Mean Concentration, and • Efficiency of Individual Storm Loads. Note: The Efficiency Ratio method is preferred. Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  46. www.ceere.org/ees Contacts Eric Winkler, Ph.D. Director, Technical Services(413) 545-2853 (Voice)winkler@ceere.org Susan Guswa, P.E. Environmental Analyst(413) 545-2165 (Voice)guswa@ceere.org Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Energy and Environmental Services 160 Governors Drive University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003-9265 Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

  47. Questions and Answers Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

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