Natural Sciences 360 Legacy of Life Lecture 13 Dr. Stuart S. Sumida

1. Natural Sciences 360 Legacy of Life Lecture 13 Dr. Stuart S. Sumida Living Amphibians – the Environmental Monitors REPTILES AND THEIR RELATIVES

2. Living Frogs and Salamanders (Batrachia) – the environmental monitors.

3. Possible causes of amphibian declines include: • Changes in climate - acid rain, ultraviolet radiation, drought, ozone layer depletion, etc. • Loss of wetlands • Invasive predators (such as trout and bullfrogs) • Disease (bacteria, viruses, fungus) or parasites • Pollution - pesticides, fertilizers, heavy metals, etc.

4. New Discovery! A LUNGLESS FROG!

5. What we used to think... Mammals Birds “Mammal-like Reptiles” PRIMITIVE REPTILES Amphibians

6. Um.........NO. Mammals Birds “Mammal-like Reptiles” PRIMITIVE REPTILES Amphibians

7. Panderichthyid Most Reptilia Sarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha Synapsida (including Aves)

8. Panderichthyid Most Synapsida Reptilia Sarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha (Mammals) (including Aves) AMNIOTA (FOR SURE)

9. Panderichthyid Most Synapsida Reptilia Sarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha (Mammals) (including Aves) AMNIOTA (FOR SURE) Amniota?

10. Panderichthyid Most Synapsida Reptilia Sarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha (Mammals) (including Aves) AMNIOTA (FOR SURE) Amniota? TETRAPODA

11. Panderichthyid Most Synapsida Reptilia Sarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha (Mammals) (including Aves) AMNIOTA (FOR SURE) Amniota?

12. Amniotes: have four embryonic structures that reside outside the embryo to help it survive: • Amnion • Yolk sac • Chorion • Allantois

13. Other Sarcopterygians Panderichthyids Ichthyostegalia Dissorophoids Lissamphibia Anthracosauria Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Amniota Sarcopterygii Tetrapoda The road to reptiles

14. Diadectomorpha: • No intertemporal bone like other amniotes • Very terrestrially adapted

15. “Amphibia” Amniota Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha Reptilia Amniota

16. Amniotes: have four embryonic structures that reside outside the embryo to help it survive: • Amnion • Yolk sac • Chorion • Allantois

17. “Amphibia” Amniota Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha Reptilia Amniota

18. Basal Synapsida (“Pelycosauria”): A single opening on side of skull

21. “Amphibia” Amniota Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha Reptilia Amniota

22. PARAREPTILIA Includes: • Mesosauria • Bolosauridae • Procolophonia • Paraiesauria

23. Mesosaurus: A member of Mesosauria

24. Eudibamis: a member of Bolosauridae

25. Eudibamuscursoris The earliest known bipedal vertebrate From the Early Permian (~280 million years old) of central Germany.

27. Bradysaurus: A member of the Parieasauria

28. Parieasaurs have lumpy, bumpy skulls Scutosaurus

29. Common North American painted turtle

31. “Amphibia” Amniota Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha Reptilia Amniota

32. Basal Captorhinid: Eocaptorhinus

33. “Amphibia” Amniota Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha Reptilia Amniota

34. Basal Diapsid: Petrolacosaurus Note: TWO holes (fenestrae) on side of skull Known back to Late Pennsylvanian

35. Diapsida includes: • Many extinct forms • Squamata • Archosauromorpha • Squamata includes living lizards and snakes.

36. Squamata: • Lizards (including limbless lizards) • Snakes

38. Crotaphytus (local, “collared lizard”)

39. “Horny-toads” are not toads.

40. Komodo dragon – largest living lizard

42. Meditteranean chaemelon

43. Monitor lizard

44. Amphisbaenia: limbless lizards

45. Amphisbaenia: limbless lizards

46. Cobra

47. Hog-nosed pit viper

48. Long-nosed vine snake