Developing Improved Curricula and Instructional Methods based on Physics Education Research

1. Developing Improved Curricula and Instructional Methods based on Physics Education Research David E. Meltzer Department of Physics and Astronomy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation

2. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

3. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

4. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

5. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

6. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

7. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

8. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

9. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

10. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

11. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

12. Curriculum-Development Process • Carefully investigate students’ reasoning when learning with standard instruction • Identify principal learning difficulties • due to preconceptions, or that arise during instruction • Develop instructional strategies • Test, assess, and revise new instructional materials

13. Curriculum-Development Process • Carefully investigate students’ reasoning when learning with standard instruction • Identify principal learning difficulties • due to preconceptions, or that arise during instruction • Develop instructional strategies • Test, assess, and revise new instructional materials

14. Curriculum-Development Process • Carefully investigate students’ reasoning when learning with standard instruction • Identify principal learning difficulties • due to preconceptions, or that arise during instruction • Develop instructional strategies • Test, assess, and revise new instructional materials

15. Curriculum-Development Process • Carefully investigate students’ reasoning when learning with standard instruction • Identify principal learning difficulties • due to preconceptions, or that arise during instruction • Develop instructional strategies • Test, assess, and revise new instructional materials

16. Curriculum-Development Process • Carefully investigate students’ reasoning when learning with standard instruction • Identify principal learning difficulties • due to preconceptions, or that arise during instruction • Develop instructional strategies • Test, assess, and revise new instructional materials

17. Curriculum-Development Process • Carefully investigate students’ reasoning when learning with standard instruction • Identify principal learning difficulties • due to preconceptions, or that arise during instruction • Develop instructional strategies • Test, assess, and revise new instructional materials

18. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

19. Outline Research-Based Curriculum Development • Overview Investigation of Students’ Reasoning • Students’ reasoning in thermodynamics • Students’ reasoning in calorimetry • Diverse representational modes in student learning Curriculum Development • Curricular materials for thermodynamics • Curricular materials for calorimetry

20. Previous Work • There have been more than 200 investigations of pre-college students’ learning of thermodynamics concepts, all showing serious conceptual difficulties. • Recently published study of university students showed substantial difficulty with work concept and with the first law of thermodynamics. M.E. Loverude, C.H. Kautz, and P.R.L. Heron, Am. J. Phys. 70, 137 (2002). • Until now there has been no detailed study of thermodynamics knowledge of students in introductory (first-year) calculus-based general physics course.

21. Previous Work • There have been more than 200 investigations of pre-college students’ learning of thermodynamics concepts, all showing serious conceptual difficulties. • Recently published study of university students showed substantial difficulty with work concept and with the first law of thermodynamics. M.E. Loverude, C.H. Kautz, and P.R.L. Heron, Am. J. Phys. 70, 137 (2002). • Until now there has been no detailed study of thermodynamics knowledge of students in introductory (first-year) calculus-based general physics course.

22. Previous Work • There have been more than 200 investigations of pre-college students’ learning of thermodynamics concepts, all showing serious conceptual difficulties. • Recently published study of university students showed substantial difficulty with work concept and with the first law of thermodynamics. M.E. Loverude, C.H. Kautz, and P.R.L. Heron, Am. J. Phys. 70, 137 (2002). • Until now there has been no detailed study of thermodynamics knowledge of students in introductory (first-year) calculus-based general physics course.

23. Previous Work • There have been more than 200 investigations of pre-college students’ learning of thermodynamics concepts, all showing serious conceptual difficulties. • Recently published study of university students showed substantial difficulty with work concept and with the first law of thermodynamics. M.E. Loverude, C.H. Kautz, and P.R.L. Heron, Am. J. Phys. 70, 137 (2002). • Until now there has been only limited study of thermodynamics knowledge of students in introductory (first-year) calculus-based general physics course.

24. Research Basis for Curriculum Development (NSF CCLI Project with T. Greenbowe) • Investigation of second-semester calculus-based physics course (mostly engineering students). • Written diagnostic questions administered last week of class in 1999, 2000, and 2001 (Ntotal= 653). • Detailed interviews (avg. duration  one hour) carried out with 32 volunteers during 2002 (total class enrollment: 424). • interviews carried out after all thermodynamics instruction completed [two course instructors,  20 recitation instructors]

25. Research Basis for Curriculum Development (NSF CCLI Project with T. Greenbowe) • Investigation of second-semester calculus-based physics course (mostly engineering students). • Written diagnostic questions administered last week of class in 1999, 2000, and 2001 (Ntotal= 653). • Detailed interviews (avg. duration  one hour) carried out with 32 volunteers during 2002 (total class enrollment: 424). • interviews carried out after all thermodynamics instruction completed [two course instructors,  20 recitation instructors]

26. Research Basis for Curriculum Development (NSF CCLI Project with T. Greenbowe) • Investigation of second-semester calculus-based physics course (mostly engineering students). • Written diagnostic questions administered last week of class in 1999, 2000, and 2001 (Ntotal= 653). • Detailed interviews (avg. duration  one hour) carried out with 32 volunteers during 2002 (total class enrollment: 424). • interviews carried out after all thermodynamics instruction completed [two course instructors,  20 recitation instructors]

27. Research Basis for Curriculum Development (NSF CCLI Project with T. Greenbowe) • Investigation of second-semester calculus-based physics course (mostly engineering students). • Written diagnostic questions administered last week of class in 1999, 2000, and 2001 (Ntotal= 653). • Detailed interviews (avg. duration  one hour) carried out with 32 volunteers during 2002 (total class enrollment: 424). • interviews carried out after all thermodynamics instruction completed [two course instructors,  20 recitation instructors]

28. Research Basis for Curriculum Development (NSF CCLI Project with T. Greenbowe) • Investigation of second-semester calculus-based physics course (mostly engineering students). • Written diagnostic questions administered last week of class in 1999, 2000, and 2001 (Ntotal= 653). • Detailed interviews (avg. duration  one hour) carried out with 32 volunteers during 2002 (total class enrollment: 424). • interviews carried out after all thermodynamics instruction completed [two course instructors,  20 recitation instructors]

29. Research Basis for Curriculum Development (NSF CCLI Project with T. Greenbowe) • Investigation of second-semester calculus-based physics course (mostly engineering students). • Written diagnostic questions administered last week of class in 1999, 2000, and 2001 (Ntotal= 653). • Detailed interviews (avg. duration  one hour) carried out with 32 volunteers during 2002 (total class enrollment: 424). • interviews carried out after all thermodynamics instruction completed • final grades of interview sample far above class average [two course instructors,  20 recitation instructors]

30. Research Basis for Curriculum Development (NSF CCLI Project with T. Greenbowe) • Investigation of second-semester calculus-based physics course (mostly engineering students). • Written diagnostic questions administered last week of class in 1999, 2000, and 2001 (Ntotal= 653). • Detailed interviews (avg. duration  one hour) carried out with 32 volunteers during 2002 (total class enrollment: 424). • interviews carried out after all thermodynamics instruction completed • final grades of interview sample far above class average [two course instructors,  20 recitation instructors]

31. Grade Distributions: Interview Sample vs. Full Class

32. Grade Distributions: Interview Sample vs. Full Class Interview Sample: 34% above 91st percentile; 50% above 81st percentile

33. Predominant Themes of Students’ Reasoning • Understanding of concept of state function in the context of energy. • Belief that work is a state function. • Belief that heat is a state function. • Failure to recognize “work” as a mechanism of energy transfer. • Confusion regarding isothermal processes and the thermal “reservoir.” • Belief that net work done and net heat transferred during a cyclic process are zero. • Inability to apply the first law of thermodynamics.

34. Predominant Themes of Students’ Reasoning • Understanding of concept of state function in the context of energy. • Belief that work is a state function. • Belief that heat is a state function. • Belief that net work done and net heat transferred during a cyclic process are zero. • Inability to apply the first law of thermodynamics.

35. Predominant Themes of Students’ Reasoning • Understanding of concept of state function in the context of energy. • Belief that work is a state function. • Belief that heat is a state function. • Belief that net work done and net heat transferred during a cyclic process are zero. • Inability to apply the first law of thermodynamics.

36. Predominant Themes of Students’ Reasoning • Understanding of concept of state function in the context of energy. • Belief that work is a state function. • Belief that heat is a state function. • Belief that net work done and net heat transferred during a cyclic process are zero. • Inability to apply the first law of thermodynamics.

37. Predominant Themes of Students’ Reasoning • Understanding of concept of state function in the context of energy. • Belief that work is a state function. • Belief that heat is a state function. • Belief that net work done and net heat transferred during a cyclic process are zero. • Inability to apply the first law of thermodynamics.

38. Predominant Themes of Students’ Reasoning • Understanding of concept of state function in the context of energy. • Belief that work is a state function. • Belief that heat is a state function. • Belief that net work done and net heat transferred during a cyclic process are zero. • Inability to apply the first law of thermodynamics.

39. Predominant Themes of Students’ Reasoning • Understanding of concept of state function in the context of energy. • Belief that work is a state function. • Belief that heat is a state function. • Belief that net work done and net heat transferred during a cyclic process are zero. • Inability to apply the first law of thermodynamics.

40. Understanding of Concept of State Function in the Context of Energy • Diagnostic question: two different processes connecting identical initial and final states. • Do students realize that only initial and final states determine change in a state function?

41. Understanding of Concept of State Function in the Context of Energy • Diagnostic question: two different processes connecting identical initial and final states. • Do students realize that only initial and final states determine change in a state function?

42. Understanding of Concept of State Function in the Context of Energy • Diagnostic question: two different processes connecting identical initial and final states. • Do students realize that only initial and final states determine change in a state function?

43. This P-V diagram represents a system consisting of a fixed amount of ideal gas that undergoes two different processes in going from state A to state B: [In these questions, Wrepresents the work done bythe system during a process; Qrepresents the heat absorbed by the system during a process.] 1. Is W for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? Explain. 2. Is Q for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? 3. Which would produce the largest change in the total energy of all the atoms in the system: Process #1, Process #2, or both processes produce the same change?

44. This P-V diagram represents a system consisting of a fixed amount of ideal gas that undergoes two different processes in going from state A to state B: [In these questions, Wrepresents the work done bythe system during a process; Qrepresents the heat absorbed by the system during a process.] 1. Is W for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? Explain. 2. Is Q for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? 3. Which would produce the largest change in the total energy of all the atoms in the system: Process #1, Process #2, or both processes produce the same change?

45. This P-V diagram represents a system consisting of a fixed amount of ideal gas that undergoes two different processes in going from state A to state B: [In these questions, Wrepresents the work done bythe system during a process; Qrepresents the heat absorbed by the system during a process.] 1. Is W for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? Explain. 2. Is Q for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? 3. Which would produce the largest change in the total energy of all the atoms in the system: Process #1, Process #2, or both processes produce the same change?

46. This P-V diagram represents a system consisting of a fixed amount of ideal gas that undergoes two different processes in going from state A to state B: [In these questions, Wrepresents the work done bythe system during a process; Qrepresents the heat absorbed by the system during a process.] 1. Is W for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? Explain. 2. Is Q for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? 3. Which would produce the largest change in the total energy of all the atoms in the system: Process #1, Process #2, or both processes produce the same change?

47. This P-V diagram represents a system consisting of a fixed amount of ideal gas that undergoes two different processes in going from state A to state B: U1 = U2 [In these questions, Wrepresents the work done bythe system during a process; Qrepresents the heat absorbed by the system during a process.] 1. Is W for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? Explain. 2. Is Q for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? 3. Which would produce the largest change in the total energy of all the atoms in the system: Process #1, Process #2, or both processes produce the same change?

48. This P-V diagram represents a system consisting of a fixed amount of ideal gas that undergoes two different processes in going from state A to state B: U1 = U2 [In these questions, Wrepresents the work done bythe system during a process; Qrepresents the heat absorbed by the system during a process.] 1. Is W for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? Explain. 2. Is Q for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal tothat for Process #2? 3. Which would produce the largest change in the total energy of all the atoms in the system: Process #1, Process #2, or both processes produce the same change?

49. Students seem to have adequate grasp of state-function concept • Consistently high percentage (70-90%) of correct responses on relevant questions. • Large proportion of correct explanations. • Interview subjects displayed good understanding of state-function idea. Students’ major conceptual difficulties stemmed from overgeneralization of state-function concept.

50. Students seem to have adequate grasp of state-function concept • Consistently high percentage (70-90%) of correct responses on relevant questions, with good explanations. • Interview subjects displayed good understanding of state-function idea. Students’ major conceptual difficulties stemmed from overgeneralization of state-function concept.