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Unit Overview. Motivational Theories Hunger Sexual Motivation The Need to Belong. Motivation. A need or desire that energizes & directs behavior Instinct Theory Drive-Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK0GlKtrKV8 Aron Rolston.
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Unit Overview • Motivational Theories • Hunger • Sexual Motivation • The Need to Belong
Motivation • A need or desire that energizes & directs behavior • Instinct Theory • Drive-Reduction Theory • Arousal Theory • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK0GlKtrKV8 AronRolston http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyRu7k70Jhc What’s Your Sentence? Unit 8A:Motivation and Emotion: Motivation
Instinct Theory (Evolutionary Psychology) genetic predispositions • Instinct • we are motivated by our instinctual behavior patterns • complex, unlearned & fixed behavior common to species • tends to NAME rather than EXPLAIN behavior
Drive Reduction Theory • A physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need. • the drive (aroused state) is a result of a need • a need is a physiological state that triggers motivational arousal • the aim of drive-reduction is HOMEOSTASIS • maintenance of a steady internal state
Drives and Incentives • Incentive • positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior • the role of learning in motivation is most closely associated w/ incentives… • incentives depend on personal & cultural experience • need + incentive= strongly driven.
human motivation does not aim to eliminate arousal but rather to seek optimum level
Hierarchy of NeedsAbraham Maslow • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs • Variations in the hierarchy
“Without a firm idea of himself and the purpose of his life, man cannot live even if surrounded with bread.” --Dostoyevski
The Physiology of Hunger • Contractions of the stomach • Washburn study
The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain • Glucose • Insulin • Hypothalamus • Lateral hypothalamus • orexin • Vetromedial hypothalamus Stimulate vs. lesion Let’s Eat! tells body you are hungry So full I’ll Vomit! tells body you are full
The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain • Appetite hormones • Ghrelin • Obestatin • PYY • Leptin • Set point • Basal metabolic rate
The Psychology of HungerTaste Preferences: Biology and Culture • Taste preferences • Genetic: sweet and salty • Neophobia • Adaptive taste preferences
The Psychology of HungerEating Disorders • Eating disorders • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia nervosa • Binge-eating disorder
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Social Effects of Obesity • Social effects of obesity • Weight discrimination • Psychological effects of obesity
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Fat Cells
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Set point and metabolism
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • The genetic factor • The food and activity factor • Sleep loss • Social influence • Food consumption and activity level
The Physiology of SexThe Sexual Response Cycle • Sexual response cycle • Excitement phase • Plateau phase • Orgasm • Resolution phase • Refractory period
The Physiology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior • Effects of hormones • Development of sexual characteristics • Activate sexual behavior • Estrogen • Testosterone
The Psychology of Sex • External stimuli • Imagined stimuli • Dreams • Sexual fantasies
Adolescent SexualityTeen Pregnancy • Ignorance • Minimal communication about birth control • Guilt related to sexual activity • Alcohol use • Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity
Adolescent SexualitySexually Transmitted Infections • Statistics of STIs • Teen abstinence • High intelligence • Religious engagement • Father presence • Participation in service learning programs • xxx
Sexual Orientation • Sexual orientation • Homosexual orientation • Heterosexual orientation • Sexual orientation statistics
Sexual OrientationOrigins of Sexual Orientation • Origins of sexual orientation studies • Fraternal birth order effect • Same-sex attraction in animals • The brain and sexual orientation • Genes and sexual orientation • Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation
The Need to Belong • Aiding survival • Wanting to belong • Sustaining relationships • The pain of ostracism • ostracism