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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. The study of Carbon. I. Background. Atoms >>>>>>> Elements >>>>> Compounds Tiny particles Periodic table Elements chemically Protons Carbon(C) bonded by the outer Neutrons Hydrogen(H) electrons Electrons Oxygen(O)

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry The study of Carbon

  2. I. Background Atoms>>>>>>>Elements>>>>>Compounds Tiny particles Periodic table Elements chemically Protons Carbon(C) bonded by the outer Neutrons Hydrogen(H) electrons Electrons Oxygen(O) All life as we know it is made up of organic molecules

  3. Its atom has 6 p+ and 6e- X are elctrons 2 electrons in 1st shell and 4 outer shell Outer shell=valence e- Carbon ALWAYS has 4 bonds A. Carbon

  4. cont., • Carbon is unique: Catenation >>>>>>> form bonds with itself C-C Can form bond with other elements ALWAYS HAS 4 BONDS AROUND IT

  5. Carbon Chain Illustrations Count the carbons Count the number of bonds around each carbon

  6. B. Basic carbon compounds Hydrocarbons H-C-C-H Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Single Bonds Double Bonds Triple Bonds Between C-C C=C C C

  7. 1. Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons • Each carbon atom forms 4 chemical bonds • A saturated hydrocarbon is one where all C - C bonds are “single” bonds & the molecule contains the maximum number of H-atoms • Saturated hydrocarbons are called ALKANES Do not draw illustrations below

  8. 2. Unsaturated: Alkenes(double) and Alkynes(triple) Label alkene or alkyne

  9. 3. Cycloalkanes • A cycloalkane is made of a hydrocarbon chain that has been joined to make a “ring”. • Note that two hydrogen atoms were lost in forming the ring • This is hydrocarbon is called Benzene

  10. Normal vs Branched Alkanes • NORMAL alkanes consist of continuous chains of carbon atoms • Alkanes that are NOT continuous chains of carbon atoms contain branches • The longest continuous chain of carbons is called the parent chain

  11. II. The First 10 “Normal” AlkanesOnly copy Name and Formula C1 - C4 are Gases at Room Temperature Name Formula M.P. B.P. # Structural Isomers • Methane CH4 -183 -162 1 • Ethane C2H6 -172 -89 1 • Propane C3H8 -187 -42 1 • Butane C4H10 -138 0 2 • Pentane C5H12 -130 36 3 • Hexane C6H14 -95 68 5 • Heptane C7H16 -91 98 9 • Octane C8H18 -57 126 18 • Nonane C9H20 -54 151 35 • Decane C10H22 -30 174 75 C5 - C16 are Liquids at Room Temperature

  12. A. Unsaturated: Alkenes and Alkynes ethene ethyne propene propyne 1-butene 2-pentyne

  13. C. Structural Isomerism • Structural isomers are molecules with the same chemical formulas but different molecular structures - different “connectivity”. • They arise because of the many ways to create branched hydrocarbons. • a.k.a. “Constitutional Isomers” n-pentane, C5H12 2-methlbutane, C5H12

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