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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Why pursue national interests?. Chapter Issue. How did foreign policy initiatives before, between and during the First and Second World Wars affect nations’ national interests?. Definitions.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 • Why pursue national interests?

  2. Chapter Issue • How did foreign policy initiatives before, between and during the First and Second World Wars affect nations’ national interests?

  3. Definitions • National Interests - as a nation’s cultural, economic, political, religious and military goals • Foreign Policy - a course of action that a sovereign nation takes in its conduct with other nation-states or international organizations • NGOsTariffs and TradesTreatiesMilitary ForcesDiplomacy (receiving and sending of diplomats)Foreign Aid

  4. Rhineland - region on both sides of the Rhine River in western Germany, including sections of vineyards and industry • Expansionism - a policy advocating territorial or economic expansion • Imperialism - the domination by a country over another country’s economic, political, or cultural institutions, without the dominating country actually seizing governmental control • Fascism - the exercise of control over virtually all aspects of the nation and its people by its rulers • Lebensraum - ‘living space’ for 80 million Germans in 1933 and therefore deserved to add land to its empire • Appeasement - the policy of avoiding further arguments or war by accepting the conditions or demands of an aggressor

  5. Shaping Foreign Policies • Identifying nation’s needs • Relationships with nations that have opposing ideologies • Justifying nation’s needs and goals • Identifying nation’s goals • Relationships with nations that share similar ideologies

  6. Period Leading Up to WWI • Nationalist Rivalry • France (Alsace-Lorraine - seized by Germany after Franco-Prussian War) • Russia (Pan-Slavist movement to liberate the Slavs from the tyranny of Austrian/Turkish rule ) • Germany (Great-power status) • wanted to wield influence on a global scale • “A Place in the Sun”

  7. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/WWI-Causes.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/WWI-Causes.jpg

  8. Imperialism • clashes for control over undeveloped countries that had raw materials or were in strategic locations • Militarism • increase military spending and build up armaments • Anglo-German naval rivalry • building of the Dreadnought • Crises in Morocco • cost every major power prestige • resulted in frustration and bitterness

  9. African Imperialism Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden-- In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain. • The White Man’s Burden • Rudyard Kipling • 1899

  10. Post-Colonialism

  11. Many hands around the world http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/divdept/sscience/history/devilfish.jpg

  12. Militarism • Militarism denoted a rise in military expenditure, an increase in military and naval forces, more influence of the military men upon the policies of the civilian government, and a preference for force as a solution to problems. • Arms Race • After 1871, the war atmosphere engendered by the secret alliances led to an armaments race among the powers. • Conscription • All the Continental European powers had adopted the conscription system since 1870. • Naval Race Between Germany and Britain • Britain and Germany were the chief rivals at sea. Under Admiral Tirpitz, State Secretary of the Imperial Naval Office from 1897, a long-term shipbuilding programme began. The German Navy Law of 1898 increased the German battleships from nine cruisers to twelve. • In 1900 Germany passed a Navy Law which doubled the German battle fleet. http://www.thecorner.org/hist/wwi/military.htm

  13. Moroccan Crisis

  14. Timeline • Creation of Entente Cordiale (eventually Triple Entente) • King Edward VII (Britain) visited France, acknowledging France’s free hand in Morocco • 1905 - First Moroccan Crisis - • Fearing France would try to annex Morocco, Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Tangier and announced his support for the Sultan. • 1911 - Second Moroccan (Agadir) Crisis - • With French troops in Morocco, and fearing France would proclaim a protectorate, Germany sent the gunboat 'Panther' to Agadir. Germany backed down after a speech by David Lloyd George. Morocco came under French control in 1912.

  15. Alliances • Triple Alliance • Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy • Triple Entente • Britain, France, and Russia

  16. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/3/32/300px-WWIchartX.pnghttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/3/32/300px-WWIchartX.png

  17. History of the Balkans • A FURTHER COMPLICATION • Austria-Hungary felt in 1910 that changes were necessary, but neither member of the coalition was willing to grant autonomy to the region or to allow the area to send delegates to its governing assembly or to the other's assembly. • It shoved the voters into three separate electoral colleges, giving proportional representation to the three major religious groups -- the Orthodox Catholics, the Roman Catholics and the Muslims. This division, today, still provides rough edges as the citizens bump into each other trying to find ways to get along without conflict. Bosnia-Hercegovina is the most ethnically diverse of the area's republics, according to census figures. • Consider that one-third of the country's residents are Muslim, one-third are Serbs and one-fifth are Croats. Most Serbs are Orthodox and most Croats are Roman Catholic. With those figures in mind, it is easy to see why the region has historically been ravaged by warfare.

  18. Balkan Crises • Both Russia and Austrian-Hungary were concerned about a revolution in Ottoman Empire (Turkey) (1908) • agreed to call an international conference • However, AH immediately proclaimed their annexation of Serbia and caught Russia flat footed • Remember: Russia is supposed to be the big brother to protect Serbia interests • Both France and Britain tell Russia that they are unwilling to support her in military action • Balkan League (1912) declare independence from Turkey after a war between Ottoman Empire and Italy • Turkey is now driven out of Europe

  19. The Tipping Point • Gavrilo Princip (Bosnian Serb) killed Archduke Ferdinand (heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne) • Gavrilo belonged to Young Bosnia -a group that wanted independence from Austria-Hungary • this event created a domino affect • AH declared war on Serbia • Russia rushed to defend Serbia • Germany declared its intention to stand by its ally (AH)

  20. World War One

  21. WWI Summary • Schlieffen Plan - launch a quick strike against France by going through Belgium (violating a treaty of neutrality) * Germany only had one battle plan * Originally written in 1897, presented in 1905 and revised in 1906

  22. Trench Warfare

  23. Post-World War One • the trenches • it dwarfed anything from the past. They weren’t all flooded, muddy and under constant attack, but they are the iconic image of the Western Front • gas and weapons of destruction • tanks, air forces and, most notoriously, poisoned gas used by all sides in the Western and Eastern Front

  24. Poison Gas

  25. Conclusion • The Great War • 59 million troops were mobilized • 8 million killed • 29 million injured • Economic • European economies wrecked each other while passing on their wealth to the emerging USA • Nationalism • Creation of new nations and the destruction of old empires • New configuration of European powers

  26. Shaping the Treaty of Versailles • Purpose was to establish the conditions for stable and lasting peace in which various sides feel their interests are sufficiently addressed • Woodrow Wilson outlined a blueprint for peace in Europe • The program was known as the Fourteen Points • Creation of the League of Nations • Free Trade • Open Agreements • Self-determination • Protection of Human Rights

  27. The Big Four - Brief Outline • Britain - make Germany pay for damages incurred because of war • France - clearly wanted revenge. Cripple Germany to ensure it was impossible to wage another war • USA - hoped to create a humane treaty with Germany • Italy - land was promised if they joined the Triple Entente

  28. Orlando Clemenceau Lloyd George Woodrow Wilson

  29. You’ve got to swallow it whether you like it or not! Peace Terms Germany Big Four Pills

  30. Treaty of Versailles • Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 men • Germany’s navy reduced and no submarines • No German air force whatsoever • Germany lost all colonies in Africa, China and islands in the Pacific Ocean • The Rhineland was to be demilitarized • Anschluss (union) with Austria was forbidden • Germany had to recognize new countries of Poland and Czechoslovakia • Alsace-Lorraine was to be returned to France • Germany had to sign Article 231 (the guilt clause), which stated the Germany and her allies were responsible for outbreak of WWI

  31. German Issues http://www.johndclare.net/images/map%20of%20versailles.jpg

  32. Post War Issues • Reparations Commission - Germany had to pay 33 billion USD in reparations for death and damages • this would roughly equal 451 billion USD in 2007 • Eventually they paid 713 million USD of that total • American aid to Germany began in 1924 (the Dawes Plan and Young Plan) • USA loaned money to Germany so they could pay France, Britain and other Allies • really they were financing their own goods and services abroad

  33. Japan • Meiji Period (1868-1912) - new ideas flooded into Japan and rapid industrialization occurred • new demand for resources to fuel growth • First Sino-Japanese War (1894) - tensions regarding Korea • China agreed to pay a large indemnity and handed over Korea/Taiwan to Japan

  34. Japanese Expansionism • Industrial Revolution (18-19th Centuries) greatly changed Europe and North America • In contrast, Japan remained isolated • 1853 - 1900 Japan swiftly changed from a feudal, agricultural based society to an industrialized one • emulate foreign policies of the USA and European nations

  35. Japanese Imperialism • They believed they had a right to colonize in the Pacific • liberate other Asian nations from European and American domination • Britain - Malaya and Singapore • French - Indo-China • Dutch - East Indies • Americans - Philippines

  36. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • 1931 - Manchuria (Northern province of China) • in response to Great Depression • Japan grew to 70 million and was no longer self-sufficient in food production • Dependent on International Trade - needed resources of iron ore, coal and arable land

  37. Japanese Propaganda • Japanese-built South Manchurian Railroad • bombed; some believe the attack was staged • pretext for a full-scale invasion of Manchuria • 1932, renamed the province, Manchukuo • League of Nations • sent a commission to investigate and concluded that Japan was the aggressor • no consequences followed - BR, FR, LofN were preoccupied with the effects of the Depression

  38. Japanese Conclusions • Dropped out of the League (1937) and attacked China • USA put pressure for Japan to withdraw • They had plans to attack other regions • Ultimately this aggression meant conflict with the US • The watchdog of world peace had no teeth • Opened possible aggression of Germany and Italy

  39. Italy • Entered the “Scramble for Africa” late • Possessed Libya, Eritrea, and Somaliland • Benito Mussolini (came to power - 1922) • cultivate the idea of a neo-Roman empire • WWI - cost millions of dollars • rampant inflation • decreased trade • high unemployment

  40. Italy - Treaty of Versailles • Wronged by the outcomes • Dalmatia coast was given to the new nation of Yugoslavia • Mussolini thought the pursuit of colonies overseas would bring prestige, wealth and prosperity • Mediterranean Sea - “our sea” and dreamed of colonies throughout Africa and the Middle East

  41. Italian Imperialism • Abyssinia (1935) • Mussolini tried to unify Eritrea and Somaliland by conquering Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) • Contained farmland, coal, iron ore, copper, and gold • Used mustard gas - even though Italy signed the Geneva Protocol (1925) • League of Nations • Britain could have closed Suez Canal to Italian warships • Issued condemnation/embargo but USA filled in the gap and supplied the fuel that Italy needed • Confirmed the weakness of the International Community

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