Organizing Book Bags: A Classification Guide

2. Grouping bags that carry your books • Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books • Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group • Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them • Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more specific each time. • Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus)

3. Taxonomy Kingdom • Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books • Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group • Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them • Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more specific each time. • Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus) Phylum Class Order Family Genus & species names

4. Chapter 17: Classification

5. What does it mean to classify? • Could you imagine your closet or your drawers in your room not being organized? • What if you just threw the kitchen utensils into a drawer? • Puts order into a system or group • Give some examples from your life where you have formed a classification system to make your life easier

6. Taxonomy • Field of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

8. Classification systems • 1st system – Aristotle’s grouped plants and animals by land, sea and air. • Modern system - Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)

9. Section 17.1 Objectives • Relate biodiversity to classification • Explain why naturalists replaced Arisotle’s system of classification • What method did Linnaeus use to classify? • List Linnaean levels of classification

10. Modern system is based on morphological similarities. • Hierarchy of eight groups (Taxa) • Domain – New taxon. Eukarya • Kingdom – largest most inclusive grouping- Animalia • Phylum (Division in plants)- Chordata • Class - Mammalia • Order - Primate • Family - Hominidae • Genus - Homo • species – most exclusive, specific group. Members of this grouping can mate and produce viable offspring -sapiens • varieties– same species but with slight differences • subspecies – same species, different location

11. Some past systems

12. What’s in a name? • Binomial nomenclature – each species in given a two part name • Genus name – Homo orHomo • species name – species identifier – usually descriptive - sapiens or sapiens • **Latin is the language of classification – universal and does not evolve (Dead language)

13. Section 17.2 Objectives • What evidence do modern biologists use to classify organisms? • What kind of information is presented in a phylogenetic diagram? • How is a cladogram made? • Explain how biomolecules can be used to classify organisms

14. Today, we use Phylogeny (based on evolutionary history) for classification • Systematics – organizes living things in the context of evolution • Phylogenetic tree – family tree that shows evolutionary relationships. • Use morphology and embryological development. • Look at early development. • Zygote (1 cell) to morula(solid ball of cells), to blastula (hollow ball stage) with the blastopore (indentation of gastrula) becoming the anterior end of the digestive tract in most animals. In echinoderms (sea stars) and chordates (that’s us), it is the posterior end. So we are more closely related to the echinoderms than the Arthropods (Insects and crustaceans)

15. Blastopore ZygoteMorula Blastula

16. Also used: • Fossil record • Macromolecules – comparison of DNA and proteins. More proteins in common, more recently two species shared a common ancestor. • “Molecular clock” model compares amino acids in a protein sequence. Ie. Our Hemoglobin and a gorilla’s is only 1 amino acid off in a chain of 146 amino acids. • Chromosomes – More similar the karyotypes, the more similar the organisms

17. Cladistics • Named for branches of trees called clades • Uses certain features (derived characters) to show evolutionary relationships • Derived characteristics – unique feature to a group (feathers in birds) • Cladistics, ignores when and where a branch occurs, using only derived characters to define each branch point by a fundamental character of evolutionary significance.

18. Cladogram is a useful way of organizing, in a visual way, the relationships between creatures that share and do not share derived characters. • Construction begins with data; a table of traits or characteristics that have evolved or been derivedby the evolutionary process.

20. Amoeba Sponge Earthworm Salmon Lizard Kangaroo Cat Placenta Hair Limbs Jaws Segmented Multicellular

21. Monotreme mammals Marsupial mammals Placental mammals Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Warm-blooded Placenta Early Internal development Hair Amniotic egg Lungs

23. Section 18.3 Objectives • What evidence led to the development of the 3 Domain system? • What characteristics are used to differentiate between the domains? • Describe the 6 Kingdom system and its characteristics • What are some problems with the 6 Kingdom system? • Explain why taxonomic systems are dynamic

24. The New and Improved Six Kingdom System

25. Archaebacteria • Many live in harsh environments (extremophiles) • – Archae – Ancient • Asexually reproduces by binary fission

26. Eubacteria • Eu – true • Most of the bacteria belong here • Asexually reproduces by binary fission

27. Protista • Pro – first • Plant-like, Animal-like and Fungus-like characteristics. • Least clear cut of all kingdoms. • Asexually by binary fission & segmentation

28. Fungi • Absorptive heterotrophs. • Cell walls made of chitin. • Reproduces sexually and asexually

29. Plantae • Multicellular • photosynthetic organisms • a cell wall made of cellulose • Reproduces asexually and sexually

30. Animalia • Multicellular • ingestive heterotrophs. • Reproduces asexually and sexually

31. Three - Domain System • Woese compared rRNA to show that living things can be grouped into 3 groups/domains • The domains: Bacteria (Eubacteria) Archaea (Archaebacteria) Eukarya (Everything else)

32. Human Classification: • Domain - Eukarya • Kingdom – Animalia • Phylum – Chordata • Class – Mammalia • Order – Primate • Family – Hominidae • Genus – Homo • species – sapiens

33. Dichotomous key • Uses a branching system of two features to separate steps. Helps in identification process • 1A. With hair Mammal • B. Without hair Go to 2 • 2A. Has scales Go to 3 • B. Does not have scales Go to 4 • 3A. Has a three chambered heart Reptiles • B. Has a two chambered heart Fish • 4A. Has feathers Birds • B. Does not have feathers Amphibians

34. Dichotomous Key Is a method for determining the identity of something by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the organism. Dichotomous means "divided in two parts". At each step of the process of using the key, the user is given two choices; each alternative leads to another question until the item is identified

35. 1a. Wings covered by an exoskeleton…..... Go to 2 b. Wings not covered by an exoskeleton …Go to 3 2a. Body has a round shape………….......Ladybug b. Body has an elongated shape.......Grasshopper 3a. Wings fold against body......................Housefly b. Wings point out from sides……..…….Dragonfly

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