Chapter 29 Notes 1900-76 million Americans-1/7 foreign born-until 1914 13 million more came

1. Chapter 29 Notes 1900-76 million Americans-1/7 foreign born-until 1914 13 million more came Reform movement-Progressives-war on monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, social injustice-”Use government as an agency of human welfare”

2. Progressive Roots • Groundswell went back to Greenback Labor Party-”More and more power in fewer and fewer hands” • Social & Economic problems too big for Jeffersonian government • Many argued government could no longer be laissez-faire • For many years politicians had been choosing targets for Progressives • Literary works emerged: Many works focused on various causes(Jacob Riis and others) • Socialist grew in political power-immigrants who had experienced movement for state socialism in Old World(Social Gospel) Religion to demand more for poor-feminists joined the cause as well

3. Muckrakers • 1902-exposing evil became an industry for publishers-magazines surged(McClure’s, Cosmo, Collier’s)Competition • Lincoln Steffens-Shame of the Cities-big business and city government • Ida Tarbell-investigation of Standard Oil Company • Various books and investigations went after corruption-tariff lobbies, beef trust, RR etc • David G. Phillips-”Treason of the Senate”-75/90 were pawns of the RR & trusts • White Slaves, African Americans, Child Labor, medicine • Muckrakers signified much about the nature of Progressive Reform-wanted things right and counted on public and publicity to arouse public conscience-did not desire political change-Cleanse Capitalism-More Democracy!!

4. Political Progressivism • Progressive Reformers were middle class who felt squeezed from above and below • 2 Goals” 1.) Use the state power to curb trusts & stem socialist threat by improving common person’s condition 2.) Regain power that had slipped from the people to those of the “interests” and return it to the people • Examples: Direct primary, Initiative, Referendum, Recall • Root out the graft-limit $ to spend on elections-restrict $ from corporations-secret Australian ballot emerged-bribery less feasible • Direct election of Senators(17th in 1913) • Women’s Suffrage also received support from Progressives-Women’s vote would elevate political tone, foes of saloon thought they would help with Prohibition-19th in 1920

5. Progressivism in the City/States • Big gains in cities-Galveston, TX-1901-developed a Commission System & City Manager System-control of civic affairs removed • Attacked slumlords, juvenile delinquency, prostitution, & corrupt sales of franchises-utilities, public transport • Wisconsin-Bob LaFollette-challenged crooked corporations • Growing movement in states to regulate RR and other trusts through public utility commissions (Charles Evans Hughes)

6. Progressive Women • Settlement Houses provided women an avenue for social activism-exposed middle class women to problems of cities-political corruption, poverty, poor working and living conditions • Provided a civic entryway(skills and confidence) • “Separate Spheres” were fine-moral and maternal issues-child labor, rights and pensions for working mothers, safe products for dinner-various organizations grew to help gain access to government • Unsafe and unsanitary workplaces attracted women-long hours for low wages (Florence Kelley) • Muller v Oregon (1908)-Louis Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court by presenting evidence of harmful effects of factory labor on women’s bodies-Success?

7. Lochner v NY - invalidated a 10 hour work day-later upheld a 10 hour day for factory workers • Factory Laws had to be enforced-1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company-146 killed-NY legislature passed stricter laws-By 1917 30 states had put forth worker’s compensation • Alcohol was also under attack-Red Light Districts • Women’s Christian Temperance Union-led by Francis Willard-helped by Anti Saloon League-some passed-”Dry Laws”- by 1914 1/2 of the population lived in “dry areas”-18th in 1919

8. Sqaure Deal • TR touched by Progressive Wave-3 C’s: Control of Corporations, Consumer Protection, Conservation of Natural Resources • Coal Strike of 1902 in Pennsylvania-20% pay increase-9 hour workdays-owners refused to negotiate • Shut down hospitals, schools, etc.-TR brought in leaders & was annoyed by owners-TR threatened to bring in troops of run mines-owners caved-10% pay increase/9 hour workday • TR urged Congress to pass Department of Commerce and Labor(1903)

9. TR and Corporations • ICC was ineffective-RR problems remained • Elkins Act of 1903 inflicted fines for rebates • Hepburn Act of 1906 restricted free passes • ICC given greater strength • “Good and Bad Trusts”-1901 attack on Northern Securities Company-1904 Supreme Court upheld NSC be dissolved • 40 legal proceedings over trusts-TR’s reputation inflated • He wanted to make sure government ran the country and not big business (Taft was a greater trust buster)

10. Caring for the Consumer • Big meatpackers shut out of European market-unsanitary meat-banned US meat • Upton Sinclair-The Jungle-results: Meat Inspection Act of 1906-Meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection-opportunity to drive smaller packers out & receive federal approval • Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906-protected mislabeling of food and drugs

11. Earth Control • Wasteful Americans were assuming minerals would last • Western ranchers & timbermen were eager-visionary leaders knew trouble was ahead • Desert Land Act of 1877-Federal govmnt sold desert land cheaply on condition owner would irrigate in 3 yrs • Forest Reserve Act of 1891-Harrison set aside public forests as national parks-46 million acres rescued • Carey Act of 1894-federal land to states on condition it be irrigated & settled • TR was rugged outdoorsman-energy for a cause • Congress passed the Newlands Act of 1902-Collect $ from sale of public lands in West & use for irrigation projects • Dams were developed

12. By 1900 1/4 of nation’s forests remained-loggers ruled! • TR set aside 125 million acres-3 times the acreage of his predecessors • Banned Christmas trees from the White House • May have been TR’s greatest achievement-strengthened by growth of Boy Scouts and Sierra Club in 1892 • Preservationists lost battle in 1913 when Feds allowed San Francisco to build a dam for municipal water and power in Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite-Use not Abuse! • TR-”multiple-use resource management” • Many westerners resisted federal management of natural resources and learned to take advantage of new agencies-Big Business and Industry typically won the day

13. Roosevelt Panic of 1907 • Easily elected in 1904-called for more regulation, taxing incomes, protecting workers-announced he would not run again • Short panic-”Runs” on banks, criminal indictments vs. speculators • Financial world blames TR/TR blamed wealthy • Aldrich-Vreeland Act-authorized national banks to issue currency(emergency) backed by collateral

14. Rough Rider • TR wanted a successor-WH Taft vs WJ Bryan • Easy win for Taft (Socialist Debs won 420,000 votes) • Inflated reputation for TR-a friend of business-tamed business, protected capitalism-Moderate-conservationist-enlarged the power/prestige of the presidency • Helped shape progressive movement and led to the New Deal • Could not escape the world scene

15. Taft & Dollar Diplomacy • Capable yet no dashing politician • Encourage Wall Street to put surplus $ into foreign markets in Far East and Panama areas-$ replaced the Big Stick • Proposal to buy RR in Manchuria-denied by Japan and Russia • Also encouraged to pump $ into Honduras and Haiti-various disorders brought US forces to Cuba, Honduras, and Dominican Republic to restore order & protect US interests-problems in Nicaragua led to 2,500 US troops in 1912

16. Trustbuster • 4 yrs-90 suits vs. trusts for Taft • 1911 Supreme Court ordered dissolution of Standard Oil Company-handed down a ruling that declared “only trusts that “unreasonably” restrained trade were illegal” • Taft brought suit vs. US Steel in 1911-TR very upset

17. Republican Party Splits • Lowering tariffs high on the progressive list-Taft called a special session in 1909 to lower-Payne-Aldrich signed by Taft forced another high tariff-progressive furious • Established the Bureau of Mines, rescued western lands-Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel in 1910 • Secretary of Interior Ballinger opened public land in WY, MA, AL-Pinchot criticized and dismissed • TR returns and Party splits-1910 Off Year Elections

18. Taft/Roosevelt Rupture • 1911 National Progressive Party formed-Lafollette leading the ticket • TR asked Republican governors for nomination-1912 Republican Convention in Chicago Taft received the nomination-TR wanted a 3rd Party