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Systems

Systems. LIF 301: Chapter 2 . Cells. Average adult human body is composed of approximately 37 trillion cells Each cell is highly specialized and grouped with similar types (called Tissues). Four types of tissue.

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Systems

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  1. Systems LIF 301: Chapter 2

  2. Cells Average adult human body is composed of approximately 37 trillion cells Each cell is highly specialized and grouped with similar types (called Tissues)

  3. Four types of tissue Epithelial (glands, membranes in the lining of the nose, blood vessels and digestive tract Connective (binds and protects all internal parts) Nervous Muscular

  4. Organs Tissues combine to create complex units called organs Each is unique, but cannot work alone Groups of organs work together to form systems Example: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves combine to form the Nervous System

  5. Periosteum • A fibrous sheath that coats and protects the outer surface of bones • Role: Main function is to provide nourishment and sensation to the bone • Blood supply • Nerve endings • Foramina

  6. Ossification • The human skeleton is composed of 300 bones at birthand by the time adulthood is reached, some bones have fused together to give a total of 206 bones in the body. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 30.

  7. Trabeculae, Latin trabs=beam

  8. Cartilage • Connective tissue made of collagen • 3 types: • Fibrous (intervertebral discs) • Elastic (ears) • Hyaline (articular surfaces of bones, false ribs) • Greek – “glass” b/c it is transparent, opalescent

  9. Types of Joints • Newborn sutures are not fully connected: (fontanelles) • Immovable: • Suture: an interlocking of bones along their saw-tooth edges. Example: joints of the cranium • Cartilage: adhesion by means of cartilage (fibrous or hard) • Example: joints of breastbone with ribs

  10. Slightly Movable Joints • Fibro-Cartilage: provides a spongy cushion between bones. • Example: Joints of spine (inter-vertebral discs.)

  11. Tendons & Ligaments • Joints are also bound by these (knee) • Stabilize, strengthen • Bind bones to other bones

  12. Muscular System • 3 types: • Striated (voluntary) • Smooth (involuntary) • Cardiac

  13. Voluntary Muscles • Over 640; 40 to 50% of body weight • 2 or more layers • Gives human form shape under layers of fat (adipose) and skin

  14. Smooth muscles • Organs • Involuntary • Walls of blood vessels • Single units: either whole organ contracts or relaxes • Spindle-shaped

  15. Tendons • Connect muscles to bones • Forearm tendons are longer than the muscles they serve • An aponeurosis is a white fibrous sheet connecting larger muscles to bones

  16. Integumentary Systems • Skin, hair and nails • Glands: sweat, oil and breast milk • Skin is the largest organ in the body • Thickest on upper back, feet, and palms of hands

  17. Epidermis • Keratin • Bacteria repellent • Self-replacing cells • Rich in sulfur • Dermis is underneath

  18. Dermis • Thickest layer • Blood vessels • Loose connective tissue • Collagen and elastic fibers give skin its strength and tonicity

  19. Hypodermis • Deepest layer • Fatty tissue • Underneath is deep fascia--- • Thin membrane which envelops muscles, vessels, nerves and joints

  20. Dimples • Form where muscles flex and bulge on either side of the fascia • Prominent in cheeks, chin, base of spine, and muscular limbs

  21. Adipose (Fat) Tissue • Energy source/onboard food supply • Stored within the hypodermis • Insulates against cold • Cushions angular bones • Fills axilla cavity and the poplitealfossa • Lack of fat gives definition to bone structure

  22. Respiratory System • Lungs surround and protect the heart • Over 700 million tiny air sacs (alveoli) • Diaphragm draws air into lungs • Divides thorax and abdomen

  23. Digestive System • Esophagus, stomach, intestines and rectum are about 26 ft. long • Hydrochloric acid in stomach breaks down food • Bile (liver) breaks down fats and changes poison into less harmful substances • Large intestine converts remnants into fecal matter.

  24. Nervous System • Brain, spinal cord, and about 93,000 miles of nerves • Neurons carry electrical impulses from one body part to another • Brain is composed of 2 hemispheres: • Left is logical and analytical • Right is spatial and creative

  25. Parts of the brain • Majority is white matter, surrounded by gray matter • White matter transmits information • Gray matter (cerebral cortex) is our seat of consciousness and thought

  26. Cerebellum • Coordinates skeletal muscles and maintains tone, posture, balance, and smooth movement • Comprised of white matter and a thin, outer layer of densely folded gray matter • Relays information between body muscles and areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in motor control.

  27. Brain Stem • Regulates heart beat and breathing •  Connects posterior portion of brain with the spinal cord • Provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck • Nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brainstem

  28. Spinal Cord • The body’s largest nerve (Two-way street) • Beyond it are peripheral nerves that control numerous reflexes • Stops between L1 and L2 • Has an elliptical shape

  29. Endocrine Glands • Produce hormones which control development, reproduction, blood-sugar levels, and adrenaline. • Thyroid gland regulates the body’s metabolism, your heart rate, and digestion. Babies and children need adequate amounts of thyroid hormones for brain development and growth. • TG needs iodine (seafood and plants grown in iodine-rich soil. Iodized salt is another good source.

  30. Cardiovascular System • Blood collects oxygen from lungs as well as nutrients from digestive tract • Average heart beats 2.5 million times from 4th week of life until death • Heart has 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles • Blood circulates through lungs in 4—8 sec. and through entire body in 25—30 sec.

  31. Heart • Rt. atrium gets oxygen-depleted blood from veins and channels it to rt. Ventricle where it’s pumped into lungs • CO² expelled in exchanged for Oxygen • Reoxygenated blood returns to heart through left atrium and then left ventricle • Aorta pumps blood back around the body.

  32. Aorta • Huge artery (about 1” diameter) • Divides like tree branches into small arterioles (twigs) and eventually into microscopic capillaries • Capillaries converge into vessels that grow in size until they become veins, which grow larger and larger as they carry blood back to the heart

  33. Project One: Head overlay, Roberto Almanza

  34. Read Simblet, “Systems,” pgs. 30—37

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