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Thorjorn Larssen Norwegian Institute for Water Research – NIVA 挪威水研究所

International experiences on atmospheric mercury pollution control and monitoring 全球大气汞污染控制和监测国际经验. Thorjorn Larssen Norwegian Institute for Water Research – NIVA 挪威水研究所. History of mercury use 汞利用历史. Mercury has a longer history than most other pollutants 与多数其他污染物相比,汞历史更长.

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Thorjorn Larssen Norwegian Institute for Water Research – NIVA 挪威水研究所

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  1. International experiences on atmospheric mercury pollution control and monitoring 全球大气汞污染控制和监测国际经验 Thorjorn Larssen Norwegian Institute for Water Research – NIVA 挪威水研究所

  2. History of mercury use汞利用历史 • Mercury has a longer history than most other pollutants与多数其他污染物相比,汞历史更长

  3. History of mercury use汞利用历史 • 3500 years ago: mercury mining in Perumercury (cinnabar - HgS) used in red dye • 3500年前:秘鲁汞矿-汞(朱砂 –HgS)用做红色染料

  4. History of mercury use汞利用历史 • 2200 years ago: mercury used to protect the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang in China • 2200年前:中国人用汞做材料保护秦始皇陵墓

  5. History of mercury use汞利用历史 • 1555: Invention of use of mercury in silver and gold mining (amalgamation) • 1555年:首次将汞用于金矿银矿的开采中(汞齐化) Major use: silver mining

  6. History of mercury use汞利用历史 • 1850: The gold rush in North-America(mercury used in mining) • 1850年:北美“淘金热”(汞被用于金矿开采)

  7. History of mercury use汞利用历史 • World war I and II: Mercury use in ammunition • 两次世界大战:汞用于制造武器弹药

  8. History of mercury use汞利用历史 • 1956: Minamata diseaseEnvironmental awareness begins • 1956年:水俣病发生,有关汞的环境意识开始觉醒

  9. History of mercury use汞利用历史 • 1956: Minamata diseaseEnvironmental awareness begins • 1956年:水俣病的发生,有关汞的环境意识开始觉醒 Photo: Eugene Smith

  10. History of mercury use汞利用历史 • 1960s: High levels of mercury found in fish in Scandinavia 20世纪60年代:斯堪的纳维亚半岛的鱼类体内汞含量过高 • First in lakes with direct releases, soon later also in remote areas最初仅出现在直接排放的湖泊受体,不久又出现在更远的区域

  11. History of mercury use汞利用历史 • 1980: Restriction on use starts in EuropeGold mining boom in S-America, Africa, SE Asia (mercury used in mining) • 1980年:欧洲开始禁用汞;金矿开采在南美、非洲和东南亚如火如荼(并将汞用于采矿)

  12. Consumption and use of Hg汞的消耗和利用 • PVC production (from coal, China) 聚氯乙烯的生产(煤,中国) • Gold and silver mining金、银矿的开采 • Chlor-alkali production氯碱生产 • Batteries电池 • Thermometers, manometers, etc温度计和压力计等 • Dental amalgam牙汞齐 • Electric switches电源开关 • Lamps灯具 • Pesticides, biocides, pharmaceuticals农药、杀生物剂、药品 • Paints涂料 • …

  13. Industrial consumption of Hg in USA美国的工业用汞 From Sznopek and Goonan, 2000

  14. Global mercury emissions to air全球大气汞排放

  15. Global emission of mercury to air全球大气汞排放(approximate, schematic illustration估值;简图)

  16. Mercury emissions in Europe欧洲汞排放 (EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010)(欧盟27国,1990-2008年,欧盟环保署2010年数据)

  17. Mercury emissions in Europe – electricity and heating欧洲汞排放-电力和供暖(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010) (欧盟27国,1990-2008年,欧盟环保署2010年数据)

  18. Mercury emissions in Europe – metals production欧洲汞排放-金属生产(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010) (欧盟27国,1990-2008年,欧盟环保署2010年数据)

  19. Mercury emissions in Europe – chemical industry, incl. chlor-alkali欧洲汞排放-化工,包括氯碱(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010) (欧盟27国,1990-2008年,欧盟环保署2010年数据)

  20. Drivers for reductions in Europe • Technologies • Policies and legislation • Public awareness

  21. Drivers for reductions in Europe Coal fired power plants and boilers: • Close down old power plants and boilers • Increasingly advanced SO2, PM and NOX control • Increasing energy efficiency • No specific mercury reducing technology! • All co-benefits of other measures Mercury emissions in Europe – electricity and heating欧洲汞排放-电力和供暖(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010) (欧盟27国,1990-2008年,欧盟环保署2010年数据)

  22. Drivers for reductions in Europe Metals smelting: • Largest reduction before 1990! • Development of technologies for mercury control since 1970s, eg in Zn industry: • Norzink-Boliden process • Outokumpu/Outotec process • Increasing environmental awareness • Specific mercury reducing technology! • Very efficient reductions • Cost effective! Mercury emissions in Europe – metals production欧洲汞排放-金属生产(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010) (欧盟27国,1990-2008年,欧盟环保署2010年数据)

  23. Drivers for reductions in Europe Chemical industry: • Phase out Hg electrodes in chlor-alkali production • Reduced Hg in products, strict regulations • Batteries • Medical equipment • Increased recycling • Increased environmental awareness Mercury emissions in Europe – chemical industry, incl. chlor-alkali欧洲汞排放-化工,包括氯碱(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010) (欧盟27国,1990-2008年,欧盟环保署2010年数据)

  24. Drivers for reductions in Europe • Technologies • Policies and legislation • Public awareness

  25. Mercury emissions in Europe 欧洲汞排放(EU-27, 2008, from EEA, 2010) (欧盟27国,2008年,欧盟环保署2010年数据)

  26. European strategy on mercury pollution欧洲汞污染防治策略 • Reduce emissions减排 • Reduce use (supply and demand)减少使用(供、需) • Resolve long-term fate of mercury解决汞的远期去向问题(in products still in use or in storage) (仍在使用或被储存的含汞产品) • Protect against exposure避免暴露 • Improve understanding提高认识 • Support international action支持国际行动

  27. Mercury monitoring in Northern Europe北欧的汞监测

  28. Total gaseous mercury in air – time trends大气中气态汞总量 – 时间变化趋势

  29. Mercury in fish in Norway挪威 – 鱼类体内的含汞量

  30. Mercury in human blood samples from the arctic北极地区人体血液样本中的汞含量

  31. Conclusions结论 • Mercury emission control has been quite successful in Europe • 欧洲的汞排放控制非常成功 • China is now a key to reduce global mercury emissions • 减少全球汞排放,中国至关重要 • Mercury concentrations in the environment is not yet decreasing • 环境汞污染浓度并未下降 • Use of best available technology is important to reduce emissions • 着重利用“最佳可用技术”减少汞排放 • Possible in Europe, possible in China • 中国不妨借鉴欧洲的经验

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