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PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. THE PHYLOGENY OF PLANTS…. Charophytes (green algae) Bryophytes (non vascular) Trachoephytes (seedless, vascular) Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”,vascular) Angiosperms (contained seeds, vascular) Monocots / Dicots. Major Parts of a Plant. Leaves

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PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

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  1. PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

  2. THE PHYLOGENY OF PLANTS… Charophytes (green algae) Bryophytes (non vascular) Trachoephytes (seedless, vascular) Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”,vascular) Angiosperms (contained seeds, vascular) Monocots / Dicots

  3. Major Parts of a Plant • Leaves • Where photosynthesis occurs • Seeds • Method of sexual reproduction • Flower • Site where reproduction occurs • Stem • Transports nutrients and supports the plant • Root • take in nutrients and anchor plant

  4. The Seed • Parts of a Seed • Cotyledon • The first leaves of a plant • Seed Coat • Outside covering of a seed • Endosperm • Food storage tissue that nourishes the embryo • Embryo • New plant developed after fertilization

  5. Types of Seeds Monocots • A seed with only one cotyledon • All grasses are monocots • Flower parts in threes • Leaves with parallel primary veins Dicots • A seed with two cotyledons • Flower parts in fours or fives • Leaves with distinct vein network • All broadleaf plants are dicots

  6. Plumule- is like a leave in its early development becomes the shoot Hypocotyl- develops into the stem Radicle- Becomes roots Seed Parts • Fertilizationzygoteseed (embryo)

  7. Male Parts of the Flower Stamen- Makes up all male parts Pollen- Male sex cell, similar to sperm Anther- Sac-like structure on top of the filament Filament- Short stalk that holds the anther

  8. Female Parts of the Flower Pistil- Makes up all female parts Ovules- Female sex cell, similar to the egg Stigma- Sticky part of the system, catches pollen Style-Tube that leads from the stigma to the ovary Ovary- Place where ovule is fertilized by the pollen, Turns into a fruit or seed coat

  9. Primary Growth • Occurs in apical meristems of plant • (found at tips of stems and roots)

  10. PROBLEM! IF THE CUTICLE BLOCKS WATER, WHAT ELSE IS PREVENTED FROM ENTERING/EXITING THE PLANT? C O 2 !!

  11. Solution? • STOMATA! • Tiny pores in epidermis surrounded by two guard cells! • Open during the day! Why? • PS occurs during the day • Transpiration necessary for cooling

  12. VASCULAR TISSUE • 2 MAJOR TYPES: • XYLEM TISSUE • PHLOEM TISSUE • Found together in VASCULAR BUNDLES • Arise primarily from apical meristem • Arise secondarily from vascular cambium

  13. XYLEM TISSUE • CONDUCTS WATER • PROVIDES MECHANICAL SUPPORT • 2 TYPES OF XYLEM CELLS: • TRACHEIDS: • VESSEL ELEMENTS:

  14. PHLOEM TISSUE • CONDUCTS SUGARS • COMPOSED OF TWO CELL TYPES: • SIEVE-TUBE MEMBERS • COMPANION CELLS

  15. Sieve tube members • Form sieve tubes to conduct sugars throughout plant • Lack nuclei, ribosomes, vacuoles, etc. Vascular bundle

  16. xylem

  17. Stems • Transports food, water, and nutrients • Supports the leaves and flowers

  18. Parts of the Stem • Xylem • Water and minerals travel up to other plant parts • Phloem • Manufactured food travels down to other plant parts • Cambium • Separates xylem and phloem

  19. Types of Root Systems • Fibrous Roots • Easier to transplant • Short, small, compact roots • Tap Root • Difficult to transplant, since most of the tap root is cut-off • Tap root is primarily used for storage of food • In both types, most nutrients and water are absorbed by root hair

  20. Fibrous Roots • Monocots • Several roots of same size w/ branching

  21. Roots can be adapted for storage of nutrients: • Example: Carrot (Taproot) Sweet Potato (Fibrous Root)

  22. Plant Processes • Photosynthesis • Mixes light, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of chlorophyll to produce sugar and oxygen • Respiration • Combines sugars and oxygen to give off water and heat • Transpiration • Loss of water through the leaves or stems • Causes wilting when soil is dry

  23. Animal Water Wind Dispersal of Seeds Force Gravity Wind

  24. Let's have a short Review

  25. Plant Systems • There are 3 main plant systems: • Reproductive – this is the flower structure • Transport – this is the stem and roots and their xylem and phloem • Energy – this is the leaf and other areas of photosynthesis.

  26. Leaf Tissue – What happens where?

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