UNIT-3 BEGINNING OF SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION

1. UNIT-3BEGINNING OF SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION

2. HISTORY OF SOCIAL WORK -WORLD • The roots of social work education can be traced to their international beginnings • in Britain and some countries in Europe towards the end of the 19"'century. • From Europe, the profession spread to United States, Africa, Asia and South America • 1899-The Amsterdam Institute of Social Work Training is credited to be the first two-year training programme with theory and practice. • Women's University Settlement established in 1887 in London by women graduates of Oxford and Cambridge. The training pioneered by this group evolved into organized courses, and ultimately, into professional education for social work. 1903 - the Alice Salomon School of Social Work, Germany 1904 - Mary Richmond- the New York School of Philanthropy

3. 1920-Chicago School of Social Service Administration, the First autonomous graduateSchool of social work within a university. 1925-South America-Alejandro del Rio School of Social Work, offered a two-year programme. 1932-The first institution was a three-year diploma at the Cape Town and Transvaal University College. The first degree course was established at the University of Stellenbosch 1922-The first institution to be established In Asia was the Department of Sociology and Social Work, Yenching University 1936 - first school of Social Work in Asia goes to Tata Institute of Social Sciences, which became a university 1964.

4. HISTORY OF SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION IN INDIA The first training course for social work as claimed by University Grants Commission (Social Work in Education in Indian Universities, 1965) was organized by Social Science League in Bombay in 1920. This was a short-term course meant for voluntary workers engaged in welfare work. The first professional institution that provided training for a career in social work was established in 1936 in Bombay. The genesis of social work education in India has its roots in this establishment of Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work (later known as Tata Institute of Social Sciences). After Independence, Kashi Vidyapeeth, Varanasi and College of Social Service, Gujarat Vidyapeeth, Ahmedabad were established in 1947; In 1948, Delhi School of Social Work, (DSSW) came under auspices of North YWCA of India with assistance from Foreign Division of American YWCA. It is the pioneer institution offering two years post graduate course leading to Master's degree. In 1949, University of Delhi granted affiliation and took up management of School in 1961. The first school as part of the University was established in Baroda in 1949-50 and Department of Social Work, Lucknow University was established in 1949. Madras School of Social Work(l952) arid others were-established across the length and breadth Of the country

5. SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION CURRICULUM FIELD WORK SUPERVISION

6. CURRICULUM The course of study for Master of Social Work (MSW) extends over two academic years. Each academic year is divided into two semesters. The first two semesters will have common theory papers and field work. The third and fourth semesters will have, besides the common theory papers, specialization and elective theory papers, field work in respective areas of specialization and research project. The nucleus of Social Work Education is the Field Work Programme which is a fundamental component of the curriculum. The fieldwork practicum is the central mechanism for transmitting theoretical knowledge into the practical level of work. Each student is expected to do a research project during the course of study. The research project work will be started in the third semester and continued till the fourth semester. The final report is submitted at the end of the fourth semester for valuation. The student will do a dissertation of the research thesis and appear for the viva on the research project. The Block Field Work after the fourth semester examinations is compulsory for the completion of the MSW course. The students will organize and participate in a rural camp during the first year and a study tour during the second year.

7. THE UNIQUENESS OF THIS MSW PROGRAM • Utilizing the concept, “world is a family which is derived from the oldest living language in this universe, Sanskrit. • Focusing on the latest knowledge dissemination, application, integration and creation by enriching the five senses of the students. • Developing a new genre of professional social workers, driven by timeless human values, equipped with the best of knowledge and skills and committed to serve all types of people and nature with love, trust, tolerance, humility. • Exploring the frontiers of scientific Social Work thought extending it further for the service of humanity. • Cherishing, uploading, nurturing and living by the best of the social values. • Learning to listen to people with deep understanding and sensitivity.

8. SUBJECT FRAMEWORK FOR SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION The social work curriculum has been dynamic and changing with the emerging concerns in the era of Globalization. The curriculum addresses the causes of exclusion, poverty and marginalization and ways of altering structures while responding to the conditions of poverty and deprivation. The M.S.W Programme is designed to equip the students with sound theoretical knowledge about social work, social welfare and development concerns of the poor, and help the students to develop skills and insights into working with people at the individual, group and community levels, and their representatives, and network with other groups and professionals working on similar issues. They have been given exposure to work with all sectors of populations such as children, youth, women, elderly, Dalits, and people with disabilities.

11. FIELD WORK Concurrent Field Work is an integral part of total programme of training in Social Work. Field Work Programme consists of observation visits to the agencies, institutions and community settings, rural camp, study tour and direct practice of social work skills for intervention under the guidance of professional social workers in selected placements. Such placements provide an opportunity to the learner to apply theory to practice and gain first hand experience. Therefore field work in each semester is compulsory in this programme and a student is expected to have 100 percent attendance. Any shortage should be compensated. In the first semester the field work training would also consist of observational visits, lab sessions, skill based training and placement. In all other semesters, ideally 2 working days per week shall be set aside for concurrent field work of 15 hours per week. Each semester shall have a minimum of 24 days of concurrent field work spread over 12 weeks. The student is required to submit the report on the field work and the field work diary, before the commencement of classes on the first day of class following the field work days. At the end of the fourth semester examinations the student is required to do a block placement of 30 days.

12. EVALUATION OF FIELD WORK i. In-Semester Assessment 40 marks: The following components are considered: • Attendance at the field or agency • Activities carried out • Methods practiced • Field work report • Critical Assessment • Professional growth

13. EVALUATION OF FIELD WORK ii. End-Semester Examination 60 marks : Viva Voce: 10-15 minutes per student The following components are considered:- • Field Work Report • Achievements • Communication • Contribution • Skills • Practical Knowledge • Methods practiced • Programmes implemented • Attitude • Professional confidence

14. SUPERVISION Supervision is the basis of practice learning. The objective of supervision is to guide a student to acquire social work skills and attitudes required for the profession and to relate field practice to knowledge acquired in the classroom. This objective is achieved by placing the students under the supervision of a teacher in the Department as well as a trained social worker in the agency. The guided supervision through individual and group conferences on specified days and timings helps a student grow as a better professional. The supervisor’s primary task in the beginning is to make the student feel comfortable and apprise him/her briefly of the social work values and skills. At the onset of the supervisor-supervisee relations. The supervisor must make some assessment of the student’s ability for social work intervention and his/her individual assets, which create suitable learning opportunities and environment.

15. The Supervisor must strive to: • Help create a non-intimidating and non-authoritarian ambience of learning which help the student raise his/her queries and participate in the discussion • Help the student develop the capability to critically examine issues and instances from the field • Assist the student develops maturity in dealing with difficult situations and circumstances and learn to appreciate and respect multiplicity and diversity of communities and culture • Help him/her grow as professional social worker, conscious of the requirements of the profession and develop capability to manage situations independently • Help the student to present and discuss his/her views, feelings and proposed action in a democratic manner and setting • Provide feedback to the students about their performance • Encourage debates on the alternative courses of action and help the student to take appropriate decisions • Enable the student to develop an agenda of self-directed life long learning for personal and professional development for a career in the profession of social work including continuing social Work Education • Arrange periodic meetings with agency supervisor wherein the proposed course of action by the student is discussed and an affirmative response is obtained from the agency. • Provide guidelines to the student on his/her records. It should be seen that the records should not reflect merely the diary or chronological recording of the time spent in the field. While commenting upon the gaps in recording, insight on the nature of improvement to be made by the student may be discussed.

16. AGENCY SUPERVISOR Agency Supervisor should preferably be trained social worker. He/She should; • Provide an overview of the agency, its aims, objectives, policies and programmes and limitations to the students placed under his/her supervisions • Plan out students work programme along with Department Supervisor so as to maximize students learning. • Provide on the spot guidance to facilitate learning of the student. • Provide appropriate intervention in the event of the students facing problem’s viz agency’s procedural routines, relationship with other staff members etc. • Agency Supervisor provides students with adequate and scheduled time (on a weekly basis) to discuss students problem and progress • Agency Supervisor provides the students with a place to sit and keep his/her field work files/records. • Agency Supervisor insists on submission of weekly fieldwork reports by students. They should be advised to go through them and give their comments. • The Agency supervisor should ensure that log sheets reflect and actual work and fieldwork hours being put in by the student. Only log sheets which have been duly filled in by the students should be signed by the agency supervisor on regular basis. • Agency Supervisor should keep a check on the students’ regularity and punctuality. Some system of ensuring this (attendance register) could be worked out by the agency supervisor and should feel free to contact the Department Supervisor.

17. Unit -3ATTRIBUTES OF A PROFESSION

18. CONCEPTS • Attributes of a profession are not fixed but rather evolve as society’s need for and definition of professions change in response to changing social conditions and values (Humphreys and Dinerman, 1984). • Professionalism refers to the degree to which an individual possesses and utilizes the knowledge skills and qualifications of a profession and adheres to its values and ethics when serving the client (Barker, 1987).

19. CLASSIFICATION OF PROFESSIONAL ATTRIBUTES Greenwood (1981) identified three essential attributes of a profession: cognitive, monopolistic and normative. The following characteristics of a profession can be considered as derivatives of these basic attributes: Cognitive 1. A systematic body of theories and knowledge 2. Formal education in universities 3. Growth in specialization Normative 1. A code of ethical standard with an enforcement mechanism 2. Professional associations Monopolistic 1. Professional authority 2. Sanction from the society

20. PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 1.The professional relationship is formed for a joint / shared vision / goals (purpose) and not as an end in itself. 2. In professional relationships the social workers devote themselves to the interest of their clients and the needs and aspirations of other people, rather than their own interests. 3. The professional relationship is based on objectivity and self-awareness which allow the social workers to step outside of their own personal troubles and emotional needs and to be sensitive to the needs of others (Pincus and Minahan, 1973)

21. PROFESSIONALISATION OF SOCIAL WORK Normative Attributes Social Work Values and Ethics Meaning of Ethics: Ethics is a system of moral principles and perceptions about right versus wrong and the resulting philosophy of conduct that is practiced by an individual, group, profession or culture.

22. This code lists the following broad ethical principles based on social work’s core values: 1. Value: Service Ethical Principle: Social workers’ primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems. 2. Value: Social Justice Ethical Principle: Social workers challenge social injustice. 3. Value: Dignity and Worth of the Person Ethical Principle: Social Workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person. 4. Value: Importance of Human Relationships Ethical Principle: Social workers recognize the central importance of human relationships

23. Social Work’s Core Values…continues….. 5. Value: Integrity Ethical Principle: Social workers behave in a trustworthy manner. 6. Value: Competence Ethical Principle: Social workers practice within their areas of competence and develop and enhance their professional expertise. Cognitive Attributes: Hollis and Taylor (1951) rejected the idea widely held by social workers at that time that casework, group work and community organizations are social work specializations. They observed the need for social work specializations to be characterized by functions and not by agency setting. In specializations by functions they included advance practice, administration, supervision, teaching and research. Such specializations require social workers to explore the whole field of social work from the chosen approach.

24. ETHICAL DILEMMAS Each state in the US has licensing, registration and statutory certification laws developed to regulate the practice of social work profession. The ethical dilemmas, which social workers face in their work, are summarized by Reamer (2001) into three categories as follows: 1. Services provided to individuals, families and small groups or direct practice face the issues of confidentiality and privacy 2. Social workers in social policy positions may encounter ethical dilemmas concerning the allocation of limited resources • Ethical dilemmas with reference to social workers’ relationships with their colleagues include situations where social workers encounter unethical conduct or wrongdoing engaged in be colleagues.

25. Unit-3 SOCIAL WORK PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

26. 1.Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) The Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) was set up in 1952, to set standards under which undergraduate and graduate social work educational institutions function and is the accrediting body for these institutions. All states with social work licensing require applicants to be graduates of schools accredited by CSWE. CSWE publishes the Journal of Social Work Education. In 1955, a National Association of Social Workers (NASW) was set up through the merger of seven organizations. The NASW is the cornerstone of social work profession in the USA.

27. 2. National Association of Social Workers (NASW) • The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is the largest membership organization of professional social workers in the world, with 150,000 members. NASW works to enhance the professional growth and development of its members, to create and maintain professional standards, and to advance sound social policies. The mission of the social work profession is rooted in a set of core values. NASW –CORE VALUES These core values, embraced by social workers throughout the profession's history, are the foundation of social work's unique purpose and perspective: • SERVICE • SOCIAL JUSTICE • DIGNITY AND WORTH OF THE PERSON • IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS • INTEGRITY • COMPETENCE.

28. NASW Code of Ethics Professional ethics are at the core of social work. The profession has an obligation to articulate its basic values, ethical principles, and ethical standards. The NASW Code of Ethics sets forth these values, principles, and standards to guide social workers' conduct. The Code is relevant to all social workers and social work students, regardless of their professional functions, the settings in which they work, or the populations they serve. The NASW Code of Ethics serves six purposes: • The Code identifies core values on which social work's mission is based. • The Code summarizes broad ethical principles that reflect the profession's core values and establishes a set of specific ethical standards that should be used to guide social work practice. • The Code is designed to help social workers identify relevant considerations when professional obligations conflict or ethical uncertainties arise. • The Code provides ethical standards to which the general public can hold the social work profession accountable. • The Code socializes practitioners new to the field to social work's mission, values, ethical principles, and ethical standards. • The Code articulates standards that the social work profession itself can use to assess whether social workers have engaged in unethical conduct. NASW has formal procedures to adjudicate ethics complaints filed against its members.* In subscribing to this Code, social workers are required to cooperate in its implementation, participate in NASW adjudication proceedings, and abide by any NASW disciplinary rulings or sanctions based on it.

29. 3.International Association of Schools of Social Work, IASSW IASSW was founded in 1928 at the First International Conference of Social Work, held in Paris. It was initially comprised of 51 schools, mostly in Europe, and was known as the International Committee. Revitalized after World War II, the organization expanded its membership to include a wider range of countries and was renamed the International Association of Schools of Social Work. The association has member schools in all parts of the world; 5 regional organizations in Africa; Asia and the Pacific; Europe; Latin America; and North America and the Caribbean are affiliated with the IASSW and represented on the Board of Directors.The International Association of Schools of Social Work, IASSW, is the worldwide association of schools of social work, other tertiary level social work educational programmes, and social work educators. The IASSW promotes the development of social work education throughout the world, develops standards to enhance quality of social work education, encourages international exchange, provides forums for sharing social work research and scholarship, and promotes human rights and social development through policy and advocacy activities. IASSW holds consultative status with the United Nations and participates as an NGO in UN activities in Geneva, Vienna and New York. Through its work at the UN and with other international organizations, IASSW represents social work education at the international level.

30. IASSW carries out its purposes through: • a biennial conference of social work educators, • the IASSW Congress • Publication of a newsletter • presentation at the United Nations • the journal International Social Work • Activities of Committees and Task Forces • funding of small cross-national projects in social work education Members benefit from the following • Reduced registration fee at biennial international congresses. • Free subscription to the IASSW News Letter and may subscribe to "International Social Work Journal", "International Journal of Social Welfare" and other IASSW publications at a reduced rate. • Accessibility to IASSW funding regarding joint projects with other schools of social work, designed to advance IASSW Mission and to the enhancement of cooperation among schools of social work world-wide. • Free copy of the Directory for Schools of Social Work. • Participation in ongoing projects related to social themes - poverty, macro development, peace and human rights, ecology, women, children, AIDS and others. • Each school has a vote at the General Assembly held biennially. • Individual members have the same privileges as mentioned above and a pro-rata right to vote at the General Assembly.

31. CONTACT Secretary of IASSWShirley Fisher (Assistant to the President) • Post to: The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityDepartment of Applied Social Sciences (Rm HJ412)Hung HomKowloonHong Kong

32. 4. International Federation of Social Workers Introduction • The International Federation of Social Workers recognises that social work originates variously from humanitarian, religious and democratic ideals and philosophies; and that it has universal application to meet human needs arising from personal-societal interactions, and to develop human potential.Professional social workers are dedicated to service for the welfare and self-fulfilment of human beings; to the development and disciplined use of scientific knowledge regarding human behaviour and society; to the development of resources to meet individual, group, national and international needs and aspirations; to the enhancement and improvement of the quality of life of people; and to the achievement of social justice.

33. HISTORY • The International Federation of Social Workers is a successor to the International Permanent Secretariat of Social Workers, which was founded in Paris in 1928 and was active until the outbreak of World War II. It was not until 1950, at the time of the International Conference of Social Work in Paris, that the decision was made to create the International Federation of Social Workers, an international organization of professional social workers.The original agreement was that the IFSW would come into being when seven national organisations agreed to become members. After much preliminary work, the Federation was finally founded in 1956 at the time of the meeting of the International Conference on Social Welfare in Munich, Germany. MEMBERSHIP Only one national professional organisation in each country may become a member of the Federation. Such an organisation may be a national organisation or a co-ordinating body representing two or more national organisations. Each member association or co-ordinating body must observe the IFSW Constitution. It should especially require from its members regular professional training based upon an organised sequence of social work education incorporating ethical standards of practice and a body of knowledge compatible with the social work principles. Member organisations shall not discriminate against groups of social workers or individual social workers on grounds of race, colour, ethnic origin, gender, language, religion, political opinion, age or sexual preference.Admission is decided by the General Meeting, and is based on information required by the Federation. The IFSW Secretariat can provide documents supporting an application.

34. CONTACT The International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) is a global organisation striving for social justice, human rights and social development through the development of social work, best practices and international cooperation between social workers and their professional organizations. President Mr David N. Jonesc/o British Association of Social Workers,16, Kent Street,Birmingham B5 6RD United KingdomTel: (44) 1604 414 345

35. 5. Professional Social Workers' Association (PSWA) • PSWA is Registered under the Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act, 1975  (Tamil Nadu Act 27 of 1975)Serial Number 159/2004  • PSWA was formerly known as PSWF (Professional Social Workers' Forum) S.No. 249/1985 HISTORY OF PROJECT • 1960s - Informal social workers meetings • 1985 - Formal Social Workers Association registration in name of Professional Social Workers' Forum • 2004 - Re-registration in name of Professional Social Workers' Association

36. PSWA users • Social Work Practitioners (Field & Academic) • Social Work Students • Next Generation Students • Social Welfare Organisations • Government • Corporate • Media • General Public • Membership Amount :Rs. 100(Student)225(Annual) 1,025*(Life) Mode: Cash /Cheque /DD /MO (Please add Rs.50/- for outstation Cheques

37. METHODS OF SOCIAL WORK Unit -3

38. METHODS OF SOCIAL WORK • Social work as a profession is a product of this century. Although its roots are well established in history from the time when people 1st began to take responsibility for their neighbors through activities which were called charity, poor relief, philanthropy and social reform . • Objective: • To remove social injustice • To relieve social injustice • To reduce redress • To prevent suffering • To assist the weaker sections • To rehabilitate the distress class people • Methods of Social work • All social work activities are classified into six major categories. • 1. Social case work2. Social group work3. Community organization4. Social action5. Social welfare research6. Social welfare administration

39. 1.Social Case Work(WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS) Social case work is a method which helps by counseling the individual client to effect better social relationships & a social adjustment that makes it possible him to lead a satisfying & useful life. Gordon Hamilton points out that, “The objective of case work is to administer practical services & offer counseling in such a way as to arouse & conserve psychological energies of the client activity to involve him in the use of the service towards the solution of her/his dilemma.”

40. 2. Social Group Work(WORK WITH GROUPS) Social group work is an activity which helps to participate in the activities of a group for their intellectual, emotional & physical growth and for the attainment of desirable goals of the groups. Group work as such as a method by which the group worker enables various types of groups to function in such a manner that both group interaction & programme activities contribute to the growth of the individual & the programme activities contribute to the growth of the individual & the achievement of desirable social goals.

41. 3. Community Organization • Community organization is the process of planning & developing social services in order to meet the health & welfare needs of a community or larger unit. Mildred Barry says,” Community organization in social work is the process of creating & maintaining a progressively more effective adjustment between community resources & commuity welfare needs.”

42. 4. Social Action • It s an organized group process solving general social problems & furthering social welfare objectives by legislative, social, health or economic progress. The term social action refers to organized & legally permitted activities designed to mobiles public opinion, legislation & public administration in favour of objectives believed to be socially desirable.

43. 5. Social Work Research • Social work/welfare research systematic critically investigation of questions in the social welfare field with the purpose of yielding answares to problems of social work & of extending generally social work concept. The methods appliesd in social work research have been to a largwe extent derived grom those used in sociology & social psychology as well as in history and Anthropology.

44. 6. Social Welfare Administration • Social welfare administration process is to organize & to direct a social agency. The administrative aspects of social work have to do with the organization & management of social agencies public & private, including in those terms general administrative relationships among ubnits of the same organization, personal problems, questions of finance & so on.

45. UNIT-3FIELDS OF SOCIAL WORK

46. FIELDS OF SOCIAL WORK • Child Welfare • Youth Welfare • Women Welfare • Welfare of the Aged and Infirm • Welfare of the Handicapped • Social Defence • Community Welfare • Medical and Psychiatric Social Work • INDUSTRIAL SOCIAL WORK

47. CHILD WELFARE • The term “Child Welfare" is used to describe a set of government services designed to protect children and encourage family stability. These typically include investigation of alleged child abuse and neglect ("child protective services"), foster care, adoption services, and services aimed at supporting at-risk families so they can remain intact ("prevention services" or "family preservation services"). • The Integrated Child Development Services Programme aims at providing services to pre-school children in an integrated manner so as to ensure proper growth and development of children in rural, tribal and slum areas. ICDS is a centrally sponsored scheme.

48. Youth Welfare • The underlying aim of most social welfare services for young people, apart from those services that address immediate basic needs, is to prepare them for the assumption of responsible roles in the adult world. The majority of programs provide adult-supervised leisure-time group activities, which may range from cultural and social events to athletics to hiking and camping.eg.NCC,NSS,Nehru Yuva Kendra

49. Women Welfare The Department maintains 11 Training -cum- Production Centre and 2 Typewriting Institution. Various Income Generation Activities are provided to around 225 unemployed girls. Widow Pension is also provided by this Dept. to 464 needy widows @ Rs.350/- per beneficiary. One (1) Working Women Hostel with 32 bedded capacity is maintained by the Department and proposed to establish 3 more Working Women Hostels during 10th Plan. The Department is also campaigning against dowry, child marriage, prostitution and immoral traffic.

50. Welfare of the Aged and Infirm • Under this scheme,Department of Social Welfare, is providing financial assistance to the old aged & infirmed persons / destitute under Manipur Old Age Pension Rules continuously. A sum of Rs. 100/- p.m has been given to these  old and aged persons as pension. It is preferably given to low income group and handicaps (both male and female).  • Old Age Homes To take care of the old and aged person both male and female, Govt. is giving grant-in-aid to Registered NGOS to run the homes.