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Ubiquitous Computing

Ubiquitous Computing. A short introduction. How to achieve ubiquity?. Make computing available beyond desktop Make it mobile and connected Instrument the person Instrument the physical surroundings. Today’s Technology (R)evolution. Moore’s law => miniaturization, integration

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Ubiquitous Computing

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  1. Ubiquitous Computing A short introduction

  2. How to achieve ubiquity? • Make computing available beyond desktop • Make it mobile and connected • Instrument the person • Instrument the physical surroundings

  3. Today’s Technology (R)evolution • Moore’s law => miniaturization, integration • PDAs, Embedded Servers, … , scalable systems • Communication • low power wireless, … , multigigabit links & switching • Sensors (on CMOS) • CCD, …, MEMS • enhanced through integrated image/signal processing • Localized Algorithms • Actuators • Positional, directional • GPS, signal processing • Alternative Energy Sources • ambient, harvesting, solar, battery

  4. Towards ubiquitous computing • Improvements in digital circuitry and wireless communication • Has expanded the use and impact of computers in society • Allows integration of processing, communication, and sensors • Many cheap and self-supporting intelligent devices • can collectively be employed to monitor and control the world around us.

  5. Away from the “average device” • Powerful, personal capabilities from specialized devices • small, highly mobile or embedded in the environment • Intelligence + immense storage and processing in the infrastructure • Everything connected Devices Laptops, Desktops

  6. Marc Weiser’s vision • Desktop computer replaced with embedded computing in physical objects • Small and invisible • Enhance original functionality of physical objects • People would do their work assisted by computer technology, but without having to focus on the computers

  7. Historical Perspective • New eras of computing start when the previous era is so strong it is hard to imagine that things could ever be different • mainframe -> mini • mini -> workstation -> PC • PC -> ??? • It is always smaller than what came before. • Most think of the new technology as “just a toy” • The new dominant use was almost completely absent before. • Technology spread increases

  8. Historic Perspective (cont) • Technology discontinuities drive new computing paradigms, applications, system architectures • E.g., Xerox Alto • 3Ms--1 mips, 1 megapixel, 1 mbps • Fourth M: 1 megabyte of memory • From time sharing to LAN-connected client-server with display intensive applications • What will drive the next discontinuity? What are the new metrics of system capability? • This seminar: deeply networked systems • extreme devices: the small, the large, the numerous

  9. Related areas • Wearable computing • Make it easier to take the PC along • Designed for a certain group of users • Virtual environment • Intelligent environments • Augmented reality • Virtual reality • All move the user into the digital world • Mobile Computing • Taking the PC with you

  10. The Big 3 • Diversity of devices • Connected • Integrated with the physical world

  11. 60 Millions Units Shipped All Non-PC Information Appliances 45 30 15 Videogame Consoles Internet TVs Smart Phones 0 1998 200n Red Herring, 10/99 Fast Growth inNon-PC Terminal Equipment

  12. Industry Shifts • Implications of PCs as commodity • Increasingly narrow profit margins • Some Reactions: • Intel: recent strategic acquisitions focus on owning silicon for communications, networking, signal processing, multimedia PLUS network services • Sun: focus on infrastructure servers (clusters, RAID storage)--JAVA/JINI sells more server processing and storage • HP: focus on non-desktop “information appliances”, e.g., HP CapShare Portable E-copier

  13. Information Appliances • Universal Devices vs. Specialized Devices • E.g., Swiss Army Knife vs. Butcher, Butter, Steak, Bread knife • Different design constraints based on intended use, enhances ease of use • Desktop PC • Mobile PC • Desktop “Smart” Phone • Mobile Telephone • Personal Digital Assistant • Set-top Box • Digital VCR • Game consoles • ...

  14. Deeply Networked Systems • “Everything” is networked • Even very small things like sensors and actuators • Explosion in the number of connected end devices • Processing moves towards the network edges • Protocol stack plus some ability to execute mobile code in network end devices • Processing moves towards the network core • Services executing inside the network

  15. Power Line Carrier (PLC) Appliance Appliance Camera X10 HAVi HAVi HomeRF, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 Web Pad Home API Universal Plug & Play (uPnP) DSL Cable Modem Satellite IrDA Power Outlet Power Line Bridge Internet Gateway Wireless Bridge Phone Jack TV Phone Line (HomePNA) Heterogeneous devices, standards Distributed intelligence Plug and play, self-configuration, adapt on the fly Connectivity according to device’s needs Red Herring, 10/99 Home Networking

  16. Xerox PARCTAB • Communication and context • Share information about user, state and context • User’s location • Identity of people close by • Physical properties of environment (light, temperature)

  17. PARC Tab

  18. N W E S 2 Axis Magnetic Sensor 2 Axis Accelerometer Light Intensity Sensor Humidity Sensor Pressure Sensor Temperature Sensor Truly extreme devices:Pister’s Dust Motes • COTS RF Mote • Atmel Microprocessor • RF Monolithics transceiver • 916MHz, ~20m range, 4800 bps • 1 week fully active, 2 yr @1%

  19. COTS Dust - Optical Motes Laser mote • 650nm laser pointer • 2 day life full duty CCR mote • 4 corner cubes • 40% hemisphere

  20. Virtual Keyboard Interfaces for people with Disabilities?

  21. Emerging Application Paradigms • Ubiquitous Computing • Smart Spaces • Sensor Nets • Active Badges and Tags • Home Networking, e-everything • Information Appliances • Wearables • ...

  22. Representative ResearchChallenges in Deeply Networked Systems • Embedded/Networked Systems • Support for deeply networked systems and mobile code • OS services in support of sensor/actuator I/O • Low-latency feedback across software component boundaries • Tuning of performance and configuration at runtime • Runtime support for networked, embedded systems • Sensor Information Technology • Large Scale Distributed Micro Sensor Networking • Fixed and Mobile Internetworking • Collaborative Signal Processing • Application in Home Networks

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