Oral History and Documentary History Applications in Library and Information Science

1. Oral History and Documentary HistoryApplications in Library and Information Science Marija Dalbello Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA dalbello@scils.rutgers.edu www.scils.rutgers.edu/~dalbello

2. Introduction • content creation in DL context (memory institutions) • memory institutions shape the historical record • documentary history (artefacts, documents) traditionally considered basis for forming historical memory • oral history (eyewitness accounts: recorded, transcribed) alternative method of generating documents about historical experience • oral collection of historical material: history, theory, methodology, “how to” • current applications and trends • projects using digital library technology and oral history methods to explore new ways of collecting and highlighting existing collections • tools for DL development

3. Outline • Oral History and Historical Research • Doing Oral History • Historical Concepts in Digital Library Settings (Oral History Projects) • DL Tools & Technology Infrastructure

4. “He lived a useful life.” An inscription from a late 18th century tombstone inside a church in lower Manhattan. Similar sentiments do not grace Victorian gravestones. These “remember” the deceased with “love.”

5. Oral History:The Story of Lived Experience purpose • Oral history illuminates the experience and historical contribution of ordinary people • Oral history provides insights into everyday life experience • Oral history is a way to reach groups and individuals who have been ignored, oppressed, and/or forgotten • Oral history captures personal accounts (autobiographical, life stories)

6. Oral History Researchtradition • (1934/1966) Lomax & Lomax (ballads and folk songs) • (1948) Oral History Project (Allan Nevins, Columbia U) • (1975) Studs Terkel: Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do • (1980s) Feminist studies of the social / personal meanings of women, their work, experience, life

7. Oral History is art, science, and craft definition • A qualitative research process based on personal interviewing, suited to understand meanings, interpretations, relationships, and subjective experience and • A product: an audio or video tape recording, that is an original historical document, a new primary source for further research (Source: “Oral History Workshop on the Web” (http://www3.baylor.edu/Oral history/Whatis.htm)

8. HistoriographyOral History • Documentary Historyconventional written historical narratives • reconstruction and interpretation; completeness • focus on written documents, artefacts • Oral Historyoral traditions and other personal narratives capturing “the structure of feeling” of everyday life (Williams 1977) • broad-based information & large-scale projects within meaningful historical framework • interviews with eyewitnesses of events • areas of application diverse: academic, government, libraries, museums, medical and military settings • sharing information with the larger community (publications and programs)

9. HistoriographyOral History • Structuralist approach: assumptions of an era (an époque) are inscribed and embedded in (documentary or lived) texts, as parts of webs or systems of signification. Any particular text can be analyzed in relationship to other texts, as a structure of meaning. • Cultural theory interpreting practices as representations of social relationships. • Postmodernist theories see both written documents and mundane activities as ‘texts.’

10. Oral History as Textoral traditions, memory & history • Oral traditionanonymous, functionally modified for memory as channel of transmission (mnemonic, homeostatic, performative, not reliable) • Vansina (1961) • Ong (1982) • Public Memory impacted by processes of cultural and social memory; memory shaped by personal interest and public institutional contexts (heritage not history) • Lowenthal (1998) • Fentress & Wickham (1991) • Passerini (1987; 1992; 1997)

11. Oral Historylimitations as method of access to the past Personal or public history? Are we collecting or crafting collective memory? • We are discovering voices and empowering them, but... Who speaks for history? From whom do we want to hear? Why do we want to hear them? • We are collecting memory and placing the voices historically but ... Whose voices do we want to privilege? Are we discovering or creating memory?

12. Oral History Researchdilemmas • Howreliable is oral history? • What can we learn form oral history that cannot be found in written historical documents? How does the oral, retrospective character of oral narratives influence their content? • Do interviews consist of records of what actually happened in the past? Or are they shaped memories of the individuals who narrate them? • How does the presence of an interviewer influence the final product?  • Can oral history help democratize the reconstruction of history? • What is the role of libraries in maintaining that record of the past?

13. Oral History ProjectDoing Oral History: Planning & Project Management • discovering voices • collecting memories • situating & recovering voices • crafting collective memory • Exercise 1: Project planning

14. Oral History ProjectDoing Oral History: Planning & Project Management • Stage 1: identify general subject • Stage 2: justify why recovering particular voices • Stage 3: plan for funding & organizational support • Stage 4: identify context for dissemination; project evaluation (ethical, legal concerns) • before you start: 20 questions checklist • after you start: 5 strategies (advisory board, goals & priorities, project guidelines, staff, budget )

15. Oral History ProjectDoing Oral History: Interview • unstructured interview techniques; consideration of legal issues; project management • Veterans History Project (Library of Congress). "Project Kit: Interviewing and Recording Guidelines” (http://www.loc.gov/folklife/vets/guidelines.html) • “Oral History Workshop” (Baylor University. Institute for Oral History) (http://www3.baylor.edu/Oral _History/Workshop.htm)

17. Oral HistoryInterview

18. Oral History ProjectDoing Oral History: Interview • unstructured interview / field techniques: • introductory announcement; prepare questions before the interview (write them down) • open ended questions; short; don’t begin with painful topics; follow-up questions • give interviewee time for reflection • ask interviewee to show you photographs, personal letters as a way of enhancing the interview (encourages memory and provokes interesting stories) • bodily cues rather than verbal

19. Oral History ProjectDoing Oral History: Interview • legal and ethical considerations: • never record secretly • be yourself: don’t pretend you know more about a subject than the participant • prepare release forms • recording & technology specifications: • 90 minute per subject • tape or video; self-standing microphone; standard speed only; test equipment beforehand; quiet setting • focus on face, upper body when recording

20. Oral History ProjectDoing Oral History: Interview Sample Interview Questions (V / Civilians): • Segments of the interview • Civilians:For the Record, Jogging Memory, Wartime Work, Life During Wartime, Postwar Experiences, Closing Questions • Veterans: For the Record, Jogging Memory, Experiences, Life, After Service, Later Years and Closing • Use questions but let participant tell his/her own story • Biographical Data Form in advance • Prepare yourself

21. Oral History ProjectDoing Oral History: Post-Interview • Evaluation • Oral History Association, “Oral History Evaluation Guidelines,” Pamphlet No. 3 (1989; rev. 2000) (http://www.dickinson.edu/organizations/oha/EvaluationGuidelines.html) • Transcription, Editing, Historical Presentation, Publication • Veterans History Project (Library of Congress). "Project Kit: Transcribing and Indexing Your Interviews" (http://www.loc.gov/folklife/vets/transcribe.html)

23. Oral History (DL)The “Living Library”: Examples • memory institutions actively engaged in re-conceptualizing historical narrative (public libraries, museums, archives) • “the living library”: engaging community memory with existing collections • preservation of local knowledge, record of everyday experience, “knowledge management” in the local environment

24. Oral History (DL)The “Living Library”: Examples • “Bridgeport Working: Voices from the 20th Century” (Bridgeport Public Library) • New Deal Projects (Library of Congress) • “American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers’ Projects, 1936-1942” • “African Voices” (Smithsonian Institution) • “Benedicte Wrensted: An Idaho Photographer in Focus” (Idaho Museum of Natural History) • “Talking History: Labor History Archive” (The University at Albany. State University of New York) • “Bioscience and Biotechnology in History” (UC Berkeley Bancroft Library. Regional Oral History Office; Open Archives California)

25. American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1940 (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaintro/wpahome.html) The Federal Writers' Project materials in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division are part of a larger collection titled The U.S. Work Progress Administration Federal Writers' Project and Historical Records Survey. The holdings from the Federal Writers' Project span the years1889-1942and cover a wide range of topics and subprojects. Altogether, the Federal Writers' holdings number approximately300,000 itemsand consist of correspondence, memoranda, field reports, notes, graphs, charts, preliminary and corrected drafts of essays,oral testimony,folklore, miscellaneous administrative and miscellaneous other material. The American Memory collection presented here is a coherent portion of the larger Federal Writers' series. It includesthe life histories and corollary documents assembled by the Folklore Project with the Federal Writers' effort.

28. "No one would be interested in my life." That was often the response when the Historical Collections staff asked local residents if we could ask them about their work experiences in Bridgeport. "I didn't have an important job," they frequently added. Somewhat reluctantly, they finally agreed to be interviewed. Later, as the tape recorder clicked off, the person being interviewed was just getting warmed up. Fascinating stories about living in Bridgeport flowed like the waters of the Pequonnock River. Included were details of an ordinary person's daily life that gave insight into the past decades, moments that were hard to visualize for any newcomer to the City.      What was it like to work and live in Bridgeport, Connecticut during the past century? Who else could tell us but people who worked on the line in the factories; sold goods behind the counter at a department store; taught children in the local schools; ran a travel agency, worked as a housewife, drove a truck, or ran one of the many other prosperous businesses that helped Bridgeport grow and develop.      We thank the people who we interviewed for sharing their life stories. You are not only interesting; your lives are remarkable. We are happy to share your remarkable stories with many generations to come. Who else could tell us what it was like to work in Bridgeport, Connecticut during the 20th Century?

30. Idaho Museum of Natural History Benedicte Wrensted: An Idaho Photographer in Focus http://www.nmnh.si.edu/anthro/wrensted One of the goals of this exhibition has been to demonstrate the ways in which photographs, even those a century old, can be placed in historical context. Only 1% of the Wrensted images at the NARA were identified at the onset of the project. Once they were shown to the descendants at the Fort Hall Indian Reservation , the families of origin were discovered. Individual names were recovered from written records, and today 84% of Wrensted subjects have been identified. Many of the photographs in this exhibit are modern enlargements from copy negatives made from the best possible prints, which were in turn made from the original dry-plate glass negatives. A few of the reproductions are made from vintage prints.

32. Oral History (DL)The “Living Library”: Examples • current approaches • shared historical artefacts (x-generational) • genealogy • databases as community resource • shared storytelling • tapping into resources of oral culture to create an interactive archive with historical documents • preserving local knowledge (video) • preserving knowledge in ‘communities of practice’

33. DL Tools examples • Library + Archival community standards metadata • Engineering community tools: technology + conceptual; infrastructure for presentation • ‘digital storytelling’ • supporting access to large digital oral history archives • community databases • technologies supporting collaborative work, online communities, local sharing • multimedia organization & tools for presentation

34. Conclusion • as they engage oral history in their collections memory institutions become active participants in shaping historical record • acting upon representations • offering plurivocality for existing collections • ‘hybrid’ library “Tapping into knowledge bases of local subjects and the neighborhoods in which they are produced is central to empowerment and knowledge to reproduce locality is rooted in such dynamic contact of people and technology in the global context. Digital libraries should become a site and agency for such knowledge production processes.” (Dalbello, in print 2003)