Great Plains Technology Center Presents

1. Great Plains Technology Center Presents BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS

2. Objectives Upon completion of this class, you should be able to: • Define what bloodborne pathogens are and how they are transmitted. • Describe OSHA’s regulations for minimizing exposure to bloodborne pathogens. • Describe procedures to follow if an exposure incident occurs. • Discuss OSHA’s requirements for an Exposure Control Plan and it’s impact.

3. OSHA 1910.1030(a) Scope and Application “This section applies to all occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material….”

4. What are Bloodborne Pathogens? “Bloodborne pathogens are micro-organisms presentin blood that cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)”

5. What is Needed to Spread Bloodborne Pathogens? Potentially Infectious Materials In direct or indirect contact with a route of entry into the body.

6. Methods of Transmission • Contact with contaminated blood or surfaces • Blood transfusions and other blood products • Inhalation and ingestion • Sexual contact • Contaminated needles, tattoos, or body piercing • Some diseases may be vector borne, but there are no proven cases of this for HIV or HBV

7. HBV HCV HIV MOST COMMON BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS • Hepatitis B and C • Human Immunodefiecency Virus

8. HBV, HCV & HIV/AIDS • Hepatitis affects the liver. • HIV affects the body’s immune system. • Both diseases can be fatal.

9. HBV Hepatitis B

10. Hepatitis B Statistics • Annual estimates in the U.S. : • 1-1.25 million chronically infected • 140,000-320,000 new infections • 5,000-6,000 deaths • HBV can remain viable in a dried state on surfaces for up to 1 week and possibly longer but is unable to reproduce outside the human body.

11. HBV Symptoms • The virus can incubate for 40-120 days after infection but symptoms may occur earlier. • You could have the virus and not show symptoms (asymptomatic). • Severe symptoms resemble the flu and includes: jaundice, dark urine, fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite.

12. HBV Treatment • The drug interferon reduces the chance of a return of the disease and can be effective in about 30-40% of patients. • A vaccine has been available since the 1980s and is considered to be 90% effective.

13. OSHA Requirements - HBV • People who are in high risk occupations must be offered the opportunity to obtain the vaccination at no cost. • The vaccine may be taken at any time , even within 7-14 days post-exposure.

14. HBV Vaccine • This is a 3- injection series. • The second injection is given one month after the first, with the third six months later. • To insure immunity, you must receive ALL three injections.

15. HCV Hepatitis C

16. Hepatitis C • HCV is less infectious but harder to kill than HBV. • HCV is more infectious and just as hard to diagnose and to treat as HIV. • HCV is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the U.S. affecting 1.8% of the population. • 25-30% of infections are symptomatic, 70-75% are asymptomatic.

17. HCV Symptoms • Severe symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. • Diagnosis may be made during blood testing done for donating blood.

18. HCV Symptoms • Most people never experience severe symptoms until many years after infection when they are diagnosed with chronic liver damage, cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. • 70% of infected persons have chronic liver disease and 8-10,000 die each year.

19. HCV Treatment • There is no effective vaccine yet. • Interferon and/or ribavirin therapy is only 10-40% effective.

20. HIV HIV

21. HIV….AIDS • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) became widely known to man in the early 80’s. • Attacks the immune system and can cause Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

22. HIV/AIDS • Is a fragile virus. • Has no known vaccine. • Declines in new infection rate and deaths provide evidence of the widespread beneficial effects of new treatment regimens. • HIV cannot reproduce or survive well outside the body and must be grown in large amounts to be studied in laboratories.

23. HIV/AIDS Statistics • Annual estimates in the U.S.: • 900,000 cumulative HIV cases reported • 774,467 cumulative AIDS cases reported • 40,000 new infections each year • 322,865 living with AIDS • 448,060 cumulative AIDS deaths reported.

24. The Truth You Cannot Get HIV: • By sharing food or drinking after someone else. • From sinks or toilets. • From casual contact with an HIV-infected person. • By insects such as mosquitoes.

25. Symptoms • Has an incubation period of 2-10 years. • Rapid weight loss, dry cough, recurring fever, fatigue, swollen lymph glands, diarrhea, unusual blemishes in mouth area or skin blotches, pneumonia, memory loss, depression, etc.

26. Treatment • There is no vaccine • Many different drugs are being tried. • Most effective treatment appears to be a “cocktail” of protease inhibitors taken with two reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

27. Other Infectious Diseases

28. Other Infectious Diseases • Two other prevalent infectious diseases that are not Bloodborne that anyone working in the public sector should be aware of are: • E Coli • Tuberculosis

29. E. Coli Bacteria • It is food borne. • Can be transmitted in human feces. • Found in unpasturized fruit juices, on unwashed fruits and vegetables. • Thought to be caused by transporting fruits/vegetables in the same transports previously carrying animals.

30. Contaminated Meat • E-coli can live in the intestines of healthy cattle. Meat becomes contaminated during slaughter and mixed into beef when ground. • Bacteria present on cow’s udders or on equipment can contaminate unpasturized milk.

31. Prevention • Wash all fruits and vegetables thoroughly • Wash hands frequently, especially after touching raw meat. • Cook hamburger until well done (to 160 degrees Fahrenheit). • Avoid drinking unpasturized juices or milk. • Drink water that has been treated with chlorine or other effective agents. • Avoid swallowing lake or pool water.

32. Treatment • There is no evidence that antibiotics improve the course of e-coli and may precipitate kidney complications. • Anti-diarrheal agents should be avoided. • Blood transfusions and kidney dialysis may be required.

33. Tuberculosis • Tuberculosis is a disease caused by bacterial infection • These germs are carried through the air in infectious airborne droplets less than 5 microns insize. • Hepa-filters catch only material over 5 microns.

34. Who Is Most Likely To Develop Clinical TB? • 10% of those exposed will develop clinical TB during their lifetimes. • Susceptibility is greater during first two years of life, puberty and adolescence.

35. Tuberculosis Testing • The TB skin test is required of day care and health care and is recommended for all who prepare or handle food. • It is not 100% accurate. • Reactions may begin as soon as 5 hours after testing and usually are at maximum at 48-72 hours.

36. Treatment • TB can be treated with various antimicrobials. • Not all strains will respond to the first line drugs, referred to as multi-drug resistant.

37. Universal / Standard Precautions Treat any body fluid as potentially infectious material.

38. Preventive Control Measures • Standard good hygiene practices • Use universal measures. • Wash hands often. • Wipe surfaces down with disinfectant. • Keep surfaces dry. • Discourage sharing of personal items.

39. Preventive Control Measures • Take nutrition supplements. • Don’t overuse antibiotics. • Limit your exposure to germs and viruses. • Exercise regularly. • Listen to your body. • Eat better. • Battle stress. • Get immunized.

40. Personal Protective Equipment • Includes the use, when needed, of: • Gloves and safety glasses • Gowns, aprons, laboratory coats, clinic jackets, surgical caps, or shoe covers • Surgical mask in conjunction with goggles or eye glasses with solid side shields or, alternatively, a chin length face shield

41. Contaminated Laundry • Contaminated clothing or uniforms must be laundered by using specific guidelines. • You should not take contaminated laundry home to your families.

42. Containers • Proper Disposal is required. • If objects could puncture container, then a puncture-resistant container is required.

43. How can I tell who is infected? The answer is…… you cannot!!! The best thing that you can do is to assume that any/all blood is contaminated and take preventive measures.