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The Rise of Urban America II. Public Policy Urban Affairs (PPUA) G6201 WEEK 3 The 21st Century City: Urban Opportunities and Challenges in a Global Context Presentation of: Barry Bluestone (Northeastern) Russ Williams (Wheaton College). Urban America in the 19 th Century.
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The Rise of Urban America II Public Policy Urban Affairs (PPUA) G6201 WEEK 3 The 21st Century City: Urban Opportunities and Challenges in a Global Context Presentation of: Barry Bluestone (Northeastern) Russ Williams (Wheaton College)
Urban America in the 19th Century From Jefferson’s Rural America to the City of America’s Industrial Revolution
Post WW II Industrialization Pre-Civil War
The Importance of Scale The Rise of the 19th – 20th Century Cities
Scale Economies • Large Manufacturing Facilities • Services that require a critical population mass (e.g Department Stores, Museums) • Major League Sports • Public Transportation
Large Scale Reduces Costs … up to a point and large scale means centralization Figure 3.3 A Typical Long Run Average Cost Curve
Where does Production take Place? Resource Sites Production Sites Consumption Sites
19th Century/20th Century Transportation costs were so high that location depended on minimizing transport costs
Transportation Costs for a Resource-Oriented Firm (also called a materials-oriented firm): Michaelangelo’s Marble A Resource Site Market
Transportation Costs for a Market-Oriented Firm: The Downtown Department Store; the Barber Shop B Resource Site Market
The Weber Location Polygon for Two Resource Sitesand a Single Market Russ C • Steel Production • Taconite from Duluth • Coal from West Virginia • Limestone from Michigan
Russ HOW DOES LAND GET ITS VALUE?
Urban Activities: Where do they Take Place? Central Business District Wholesale-Light Manufacturing Low-class Residential Middle-class Residential High-class Residential Heavy Manufacturing Outlying Business District Residential Suburb Industrial Suburb Commuter Zone Russ
Russ The Bid Rent Curve and the effect of a change in product price or a change in transportation costs
Russ Bid Rent Curves for two different uses of land and the resulting land distribution
Russ The Residential Paradox
Table 4.1 Percent of Metropolitan Population Living in Central Cities Year Percent in Central Cities 1910 64.6 1920 66.0 1930 64.6 1940 62.7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1950 58.6 1960 51.4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2000 37.4 Growth of Suburbs Forces of Centralization up to 1920 (Centripetal Forces) Forces of Decentralization after 1920 (Centrifugal Forces)
The Case the Local Grocery Store Cost to Customers of Reaching the Marketplace Total Cost A Transportation Cost Labor Cost Site Cost Miles from Central City
The Location Decision under Conditions of High Site Costs and Rising Transportation Costs – Auto Production in the Post World War II Era (Suburban Production) Total Cost B Transportation Cost Labor Cost Site Cost Miles from Central City
The Location Decision under Conditions of Zero Transportation Costs and Steeply Falling Labor Costs – The 21st Century Location Model Total Cost C Site Cost Labor Cost Transportation Cost Miles from Center City
Barry The New Postindustrial World
Russ Family and Neighborhood Income Profile, 100 Largest Metro Areas, 1970-2000 (Percentage Shares)
Next Week The Meaning of Urban Community Barry Shrage President, Combined Jewish Philanthropies James Carroll author, novelist, columnist for the Boston Globe
The 21st Century City Q & A / Discussion