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The Cold War Era

The Cold War Era. Ariana Fuller Chapter 26 AMSCO April 2007. America became a military superpower because of WWII Soldiers wanted to come home to white picket fences Cold War conflict with the Soviet Union dampened this dream. Post WWII. Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944

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The Cold War Era

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  1. The Cold War Era Ariana Fuller Chapter 26 AMSCO April 2007

  2. America became a military superpower because of WWII Soldiers wanted to come home to white picket fences Cold War conflict with the Soviet Union dampened this dream Post WWII

  3. Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 Free college education Low-interest loans Bought homes Started businesses Roosevelt signing the bill GI Bill of Rights

  4. Employment Act of 1946 • Truman tried to pass this act through Congress • National health insurance • Increase in minimum wage • Commit government to maintaining full employment • Less effective bill passed • Council of Economic Affairs created

  5. Committee on Civil Rights established in 1946 Tried to end segregation in schools End of racial discrimination in federal government and in the armed forces. Civil Rights

  6. Twenty-Second Amendment 1951 • Limited a president to a maximum of two full terms in office

  7. Taft-Hartley Act 1947 • Restrictions on unions • Outlawed the “closed shop” • States could pass “right to work” laws • Outlawed the union shop • Outlawed “secondary boycotts” • 80-day cooling off period before a strike could be called

  8. Reform program Enact national health care insurance Federal aid to education Civil rights legislation Funds for public housing Most Fair Deal bills were defeated Fair Deal

  9. Postwar Cooperation • The US and the Soviet Union had an alliance of “mutual convenience” • After WWII, positive relations diminished • United Nations was founded to maintain international peace • The Soviet Union rejected a plan to eliminate atomic weaponry

  10. Soviet forces occupied countries of Central and Eastern Europe Democratic elections were manipulated “Iron Curtain” Separating Communist countries from non-Communist countries. Satellite States

  11. Policy of Containment Communist uprising in Greece and Soviet demand for Turkey’s Dardanelles $400 million in economic and military aid to assist them Truman Doctrine

  12. $17 billion European Recovery Program helped Western Europe achieve self-sustaining growth Ended threat of Communism in that region Deepened right between Communists and non-Communists The Marshall Plan

  13. Soviets cut off all access by land to Berlin Truman flew in supplies to West Berlin for 11 months Two Germanys: Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic Berlin Airlift

  14. North Atlantic Treaty Organization was a military alliance. National Security Act Department of Defense National Security Council Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) NATO & National Security

  15. NSC-68 • Secret report about fighting the Cold War • Quadruple US government defense spending • Form alliances with non-Communist countries • Convince American public that a costly arms build-up was imperative for the nation’s defense. • Defense build-up intensified Russian fears and started unnecessary arms race

  16. General MacArthur instituted new constitution in US-occupied Japan Parliamentary democracy Renounced war, limited military capability Japan depended on US protection Japan

  17. US-Japanese Security Treaty • Occupation of Japan ended in 1951 • Japan surrendered Korea and Pacific Islands • US troops remained in military bases in Japan

  18. China • Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek since 1920s • Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong instigated Civil War • Congress voted to give the Nationalists $400 million • 80% of that went to Communists because of corruption • By 1949, mainland China fell to Communists • Chiang’s government moved to Taiwan (the only Chinese government recognized by the US until the ‘70s)

  19. Korea • Korea was divided at 38th parallel • Soviets occupied the North • US occupied the South with • By 1949, Soviets left power to Communist leader Kim Sung II • US left power to conservative Nationalist Syngman Rhee

  20. Korean War • In 1950, the North invaded the South • Truman called the UN Security Council to authorize a UN force to defend South Korea • MacArthur stabilized fighting at 38th parallel, pushed for intensified assault at mainland China • Truman recalled MacArthur for insubordination • Armistice signed in 1953 after 54,000 US dead

  21. Loyalty Review Board: investigated federal employees’ backgrounds Thousands lost their jobs Smith Act: illegal to advocate the overthrow of the government Dennis et al. v United States: Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of the Smith Act Second Red Scare

  22. Second Red Scare • McCarran Internal Security Act • Made it unlawful to support totalitarianism • Restricted rights of people belonging to communist organizations • Authorized creation of detention camps for subversives • House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) • Reactivated in postwar years to find and alienate Communists

  23. Alger Hiss was accused of leaking secret documents to Communists Proclaimed innocence, sent to prison Julius and Ethel Rosenburg were executed for giving atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets Anticommunist hysteria added to extreme accusations Espionage Cases

  24. Senator McCarthy used unsupported accusations about Communists in the government to feed his hunger for power His ruthless tactics and reckless cruelty was exposed on television in 1954 Viewers saw him as a bully “McCarthyism” ended in 1954 when the Senate censured him. Joseph McCarthy

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