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Cellulose Derivatives Chemistry & Applications

Cellulose Derivatives Chemistry & Applications. Andrew C. Hoefler Brookside Consulting. Cellulose - Without Substituents. Or more Pictorially. “Chains” of Cellulose in Water. or. Step One:. Manufacture of CMC. R-OH + NaOH -----> R-O - Na + + H 2 O. Step Two:.

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Cellulose Derivatives Chemistry & Applications

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  1. Cellulose Derivatives Chemistry & Applications Andrew C. Hoefler Brookside Consulting

  2. Cellulose - Without Substituents Or more Pictorially

  3. “Chains” of Cellulose in Water or

  4. Step One: Manufacture of CMC R-OH + NaOH -----> R-O-Na+ + H2O Step Two: R-ONa + Cl-CH2-COONa -----> R-O-CH2-COONa

  5. Idealized Structure of Cellulose Gum

  6. Pictorial Representation - Cellulose Gum OR:

  7. CMC Nomenclature 7H3SCF 7 = D.S. 7 & 9 = Food 12 = Pharm. H = Viscosity Grade H = High M = Medium L = Low S = other properties S = smooth flow O = Acid tested F = Grade F = Food P = Pharm. C = Part. Size C = Coarse No letter = Regular X = Fine 3 = More viscosity Information 3 = 3000 cps

  8. Some Typical Viscosity Values

  9. 10,000 1000 100 10 7H4F Solution Viscosity vs Concentration Viscosity (cps) 7MF 7LF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CMC Concentration

  10. Effect of Degree of Substitution on CMC 0.7 0.9 1.2 7 9 12 Increase Increase Decrease Increase

  11. Uniformity of Substitution Even Uneven Hairy region Smooth region Hairy region

  12. Uniform = Smooth Flow Uniformity of Substitution Non-Uniform = Thixotropic

  13. Visual Representation of Thixotropy Thixotropic Flow Smooth Flow

  14. Hydration of Sugar Compared to CMC Sugar all gone CMC all gone Time ------------------------------------------------------------>

  15. Hydration Difficulties when Dry CMC Particles are too Close Together Making CMC Solutions I Just Before Contacting Water Just After Contacting Water

  16. CMC Particles which are Slightly Separated from Each Other Making CMC Solutions II Just Before Contacting Water Just After Contacting Water

  17. Dissolving Cellulose Gum • ADD CELLULOSE GUM FIRST • AVOID LUMPS A. B. Disperse in non-solvent (Oil, Glycerine, PG, Alcohol, High SS syrups) Separate the Particles with Sugar, CCS, or other non-swelling ingredients C. D. Careful Addition to Vortex Eductor Funnel

  18. Hercules Mixing Device ( Eductor )

  19. ADD CMC FIRST !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  20. 300 200 100 80 40 20 10 Salt Added After CMC Cellulose Gum in NaCl Solutions Apparent Viscosity (cps) Salt Added Before CMC .01 0.1 1.0 Molal Concentration of Cation

  21. Cellulose Gum in Salt Solutions Viscosity in Centipoise

  22. 600 400 200 100 80 40 20 • Al2(SO4)3.18H2O Various Cations Added to 1% CMC Solutions Viscosity (cps) NaCl HCl CaCl2. 2H2O .01 .02 .04 .08 Molal Concentration of Added Cation

  23. 10,000 1,000 100 10 Viscosity versus Temperature 1% 7HF Viscosity (cps) 2% 9M8F 1% 9M31F 2% 7LF 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Temperature (degrees C)

  24. 10,000 1,000 100 10 Viscosity versus Shear Rate Apparent Viscosity (cps) .01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Shear Rate (Reciprocal Seconds)

  25. CMC Tolerance to Ethanol Volume Ratio of Ethanol to 1% CMC Solution

  26. 10,000 6000 4000 3000 Galactomannan Interactions Observed Viscosity (cps, 25C) Predicted 0 20 40 60 80 100 % CMC 100 80 60 40 20 0 % Guar

  27. CMC: Key Functions • Viscosity • Organizes water • Thickens • Forms Films • Controls Water or Sugar Crystal Growth

  28. Food Applications of CMC • Masa Mixes • Cake Mixes • Frostings & Icings • Pie Fillings • Doughnut Mixes • Dairy Products • Pancake Syrup • Dry Mix Beverages • Pet Foods • Animal Feed ( Pelleted )

  29. Cellulose Gum in Sugar Solutions • Additive Viscosity Increase • Decreased Syneresis • Reduced Rate of Crystalization • Reduced Crystal Size

  30. Photomicrographs of Sucrose Crystals

  31. Summary: Cellulose Gum • CMC • thickening / viscosity • water organizing • film forming • optically transparent solutions • ethanol tolerant

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