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Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change. Chapter 22. Introduction. Da Gama reaches India in 16 th century Eager to trade for spices, textiles, and other Asian objects Asians had little interest in European goods Silver bullion was accepted for trade

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Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

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  1. Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change Chapter 22

  2. Introduction • Da Gama reaches India in 16th century • Eager to trade for spices, textiles, and other Asian objects • Asians had little interest in European goods • Silver bullion was accepted for trade • Missionary activities were blocked by Muslim rivals • Asian political divisions very advantageous for Europeans

  3. The Asian Trading World & the Coming of the Europeans • Asian Sea Trading Network • Stretched from Middle East and African coasts to Asia • Three main zones: • Arab Zone • Indian Zone • Chinese Zone • Marginal Regions • Japan • SE Asia • East Africa • This area provided mostly raw materials, ivory, & spices

  4. The Asian Trading World & the Coming of the Europeans • Two General Characteristics of trade when Portuguese arrive critical to attempting to regulate and dominate Asia • 1. No central Control • 2. Absence of Military force • Trade was mostly peaceful

  5. The Asian Trading World & the Coming of the Europeans • I. Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut • Gold and silver were used to trade, but under mercantilist thought, a steady flow of bullion was unthinkable • Mercantilist believed state power depended on amount of bullion • Portuguese use military force to establish ports • Defeat Egyptian-Indian fleet in 1509 off Diu • Portuguese continue to capture towns and build forts • Ormuz, 1507 • Goa, 1510 • Malacca • Their goal was to monopolize the spice trade and control shipping

  6. The Asian Trading World & the Coming of the Europeans II. Portuguese Vulnerability and the rise of the Dutch & English Trading Empires • Dutch and British take control of Portuguese forts in the 17th century A. The Dutch Trading Empire • Take Malacca, 1620 • Build fort at Batavia, 1620 • Concentrate on cloves, nutmeg, & mace • As demand for spices fell, so did their efforts to control certain crops • Use less force than Portuguese

  7. The Asian Trading World & the Coming of the Europeans B. The British • Adopt peaceful trading patterns • Concentrate on coastal India • Focus on cloth rather than spices

  8. The Asian Trading World & the Coming of the Europeans III. Going Ashore: European Tribute System in Asia • European military advantage declines as they move to the interior away from their ships • Europeans not as powerful away from their armed ships • Become humble and kowtow to inland Asian rulers • Dutch control coffee growing areas in Java • Spanish conquer northern Philippines • Luzon & Mindanao • Europeans allow indigenous people to keep things the same as long as they paid tribute in forms of agricultural products

  9. The Asian Trading World & the Coming of the Europeans VI. Spreading the Faith • Missionary enterprise in South & SE Asia • Protestant Dutch and English have little concern for missionary efforts unlike Catholic Portuguese and Spanish • Little effect on natives due to prior arrival of Islam and Hinduism • Francis Xavier • Jesuit able to convert low caste Hindus • Robert Di Nobili • Italian Jesuit able to convert some high caste Hindus • Recalled to Rome

  10. The Asian Trading World & the Coming of the Europeans • Spanish friars converted Filipino leaders and served as government officials • Most Filipinos blended their traditional beliefs with Christianity

  11. Ming China: A global mission refused • Ming dynasty founded by Zhu Yuanzhang • Originally a peasant • Expels Mongols • Takes name Hongwu emperor in 1368 • Force Mongols north of the Great Wall I. Another Scholarly-Gentry Revival • Hongwu, like the Han, restores scholarly gentry to high offices • Imperial schools and examination system restored

  12. Ming China: A global mission refused II. Reforms • Hongwu transferred powers of the chief minister to the emperor • Honesty, loyalty, & discipline was expected from officials • Bureaucrats guilty of corruption or incompetence were publically beaten • Emperor’s wives were only allowed to come from modest familiesto off set power plays from high ranking families • Limited number of eunuchs to powerful positions

  13. Ming China: A global mission refused III. A Return to Scholarly-Gentry Social Dominance • Hongwu promoted public works and aimed to improve lives of the common people • Gentry households grew in power as landlord families buy up peasants land • Women were confined & bearing male children was stressed • Youth subordinate to elders

  14. Ming China: A global mission refused IV. An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the arts • Importation of American crops become important for population growth • Maize, sweet potatoes, & peanuts • Population grew from 80-90 million to 300 million from 14th -17th centuries • Chinese manufactured goods in high demand • Ceramics, textiles, etc.. • China received more American silver than any other world economy in early modern history • Macao & Canton only places Europeans were officially allowed

  15. Ming China: A global mission refused • Ming prosperity was reflected in the fine arts • Innovations in literature • Woodblock printing • The Water Margin, Monkey, and the Golden Lotus • This novel set the standard for Chinese prose literature

  16. Ming China: A global mission refused V. An Age of Expansion: The Zhenghe Expeditions • 1405-1423 • 7 major overseas expeditions including: • Persia • Indian Coast • African Coast • Initial fleet contained 62 ships • Columbus only had 3 in 1492 • Da Gama only had 4 in 1498 • Chinese had the capacity to expand on a global scale at least a century before the Euorpeans

  17. Ming China: A global mission refused VI. Chinese Retreat and the Arrival of the Europeans • Overseas trade limited in 1390 • Ming China moves toward isolationism • Europeans probe the globe • Drawn to the Middle Kingdom • Franciscans and Dominican missionaries try to convert commoners • Jesuits try and convert elites • Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall

  18. Ming China: A global mission refused VII. Ming Decline and the Chinese Predicament • Later rulers incompetent in holding a highly centralized, absolutist structure • Corruption of officials • Public works projects fall into disrepair • Floods, droughts, & famine rage lands • Some sell children into slaver • Some become cannibals • Exploitative landlords • Internal disorder leads to invasions

  19. Ming China: A global mission refused • Exploitative landlords • Internal disorder leads to invasions • Last Mind emperor, Chongzhen, kills himself to avoid capture and the dynasty is overthrown in 1644

  20. Fending off the West: Japan’s Reunification & the First Challenge • By the mid-16th century the Japanese had found leaders to restore unity under the Tokugawa Shogunate • Three military leaders who restored unity: Nobunaga • Daimyo lord • Used firearms extensively • Deposes last Ashikaga shougun in 1573 • Killed in 1582

  21. Fending off the West: Japan’s Reunification & the First Challenge ToyotomiHideyoshi • Nobunaga’s general • Rules Japan by 1590 • Unsuccessfully invades Korea • 1592 • 1597 • Succession struggle after his death in 1598 • Wanted his son to succeed him, but his vassals seized power for themselves

  22. Fending off the West: Japan’s Reunification & the First Challenge Tokugawa Ieyasu • Forms Tokugawa Shogunate – appointed Shogun by the emperor • Reorganizes remaining daimyo • Ruled from Edo (Tokyo) • Tokugawa’s victory ends Japan’s civil wars • Tokugawa family rules for 250 years!!!

  23. Fending off the West: Japan’s Reunification & the First Challenge I. Dealing with the Europeans • Europeans in Japan since 1543 • Missionaries & traders • Europeans brought firearms, printing press, clocks, etc… • Nobunaga protects Jesuit missionaries & allows churches to be built • Hideyoshi less tolerant of Jesuits • Saw Christian beliefs as a threat to established social order

  24. Fending off the West: Japan’s Reunification & the First Challenge II. Japan’s Self-Imposed Isolation • Measures taken to restrict foreign activities in Japan in 1580’s • Christianity was persecuted in the 1590’s and finally banned in 1614 by Ieyasu Tokugawa • Converts who reused to announce faith imprisoned, tortured, or killed

  25. Fending off the West: Japan’s Reunification & the First Challenge • Ieyasu increases isolation & restricts foreign merchants in 1616 • Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas by 1630 • By 1640, only the Dutch and the Chinese were allowed to visit the island Deshima • By mid 17th century Japan was completely isolated • Neo-Confucian revival replaced by the school of National Learning • Emphasizes Japan’s unique history

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