V isit from the Icelandic Architect Association Indoor environment Lars Gunnarsen

1. Visit from the Icelandic Architect Association Indoor environment Lars Gunnarsen Danish Building Research Institute

2. Pleasure Comfort Produktivity Sickliness Avoidance of dangers Reproduction possible Indoor climate research

3. Indoor climate exposures Temperature Draft Dampness Air quality Lighting View Noise Particles Allergenes Micro fungi Non ionizing radiation Ionizing radiation

4. Cumulative chart of time spent at home for different age groups 16-24 25-44 45-66 67-79 80+ 100 90 80 70 60 Persons (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Average number of hours at home per weekday Danes spend in average 16.3 hours at home on a weekday

5. 100 80 60 Persons (%) 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 200 2 Area per occupant (m /person) Cumulative chart of dwelling area Average dwelling area is 48,9m2 per person and 123,9m2 per household

6. Introduction • Cost of the indoor climate 2500 euro/m2. Half of all investments • Building envelope Volume/surface: 0.5 m. Many microclimates • Ventilation 0.5-5 h-1. 0.3 – 3 l/s m2 floor • Adverse effects of the indoor climate contra its protective effects • Intake fractions (single person) An apple 80% A cigarette (the smoker) 30% Air pollution from candle 0.01% Air pollution from car in street 0.00000001% Air pollution from power plant 10 -14

7. Definitions • The definition of Health: • Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity • Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States Indoor climate is here defined as: All building related exposures that may impact the health of building occupants

8. Adult human in sedentary activity (1,2 met) Indoor air O2: 20,85 % CO2: 0,035% H2O: 1,3% (Volume) Exhalation air: O2: 15,3 % CO2: 3,6% H2O: 6,2% (volume) Consumption: Indoor air: 375 l/h (10,8 kg/døgn) O2: 20,6 l/h Produktion: CO2: 17 l/h H2O: 0,07 kg/h Sensibel varme: 100 W Lars Gunnarsen

9. Annoyance, symptoms and diseases

10. Annoyances, symptoms and diseases Poor indoor climate may result in annoyance and symptoms. Infectious diseases may to some degree be prevented by effective ventilation and large indoor space per occupant. Some indoor exposures impact the suffering of people with astma and allergy but the knowledge about importance of the indoor exposures for acquiring the diseases is rudimentary. At least four exposures indoor may lead to cancer. They are radon, environmental tobacco smoke, other combustion products and formaldehyde. Cardiovascular diseases may be developed as a result of exposure to environmental smoke and high levels of particle pollution. Noise and probably poor lighting may give stress that also may lead to cardiovascular diseases. Productivity is low in a poor indoor climate.

11. At least one Skin irritation from hot water At home Infra- or low frequency sound Little or much annoyed Static electricity Bad drinking water Noise from industry Dwelling too dark Vibrations Noise from installations Odor or stale air Draft Temperature too high or low Noise from traffic Cold at feet Noise from neighbors 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Annoyed (%) Annoyance within last 14 days

12. Noise from outside At work Cold at feet Glare Several times per week or daily Low temperature Unpleasant odor High temperature Bad illumination Static electricity Little space Draft Noise from other rooms Dust/dirt Changing temperatures Tobacco smoke Stale air Dry air Noise in room 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Annoyed (%)

13. Symptoms last 14 days – At home Brauer og Mikkelsen, 2002

14. Symptoms last 14 days – At work Brauer og Mikkelsen, 2002

15. Indoor airborne exposures

16. Radon • Human bioeffluents • Chemical substances • Odors • Asbestos • Tobacco smoke • Particles from indoor sources (High temperature surfaces, candles, • cooking) • Particles from outside • Allergens of indoor origin (House dust mites, furred animals, moulds) • Allergens from outside (pollen) • Viruses and bacteria

17. Impact of outdoor sources for particle exposure indoor 4. 3. 2. 1.

18. Hair Pollen House dust mite allergene Cat allergene Bacteria Fungi spores Road abbration Wood stoves Bacteria spores Fry fume Oxidation of chemicals Heated dust Diesel exhaust Tobacco smoke Gasoline exhausts Vira Gas stove 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 Ångstrøm millimeter Particle size (µm)

19. Adult human in sedentary activity (1,2 met) Indoor air O2: 20,85 % CO2: 0,035% H2O: 1,3% (Volume) exhalation air: O2: 15,3 % CO2: 3,6% H2O: 6,2% (volume) Consumption: Indoor air: 375 l/h (10,8 kg/døgn) O2: 20,6 l/h Produktion: CO2: 17 l/h H2O: 0,07 kg/h Sensibel varme: 100 W Lars Gunnarsen

20. 50 45 40 35 30 Dissatisfied (%) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Ventilation rate (l/s pers)

21. 70 60 50 40 Dissatified (%) 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 3 Ventilation (m /cigarette)

25. Choosing construction products

27. Only for outdoor use

28. Humidity, mould and mites

29. Risk of eksposure to mould 0 1 2 3 None Weak Some Large Mould odor None Weak Some Poverfull Visible mould 0 m2 < 0,25 m2 0,25-3 m2 > 3 m Hidden mould < 0,5 m2 1-3 m2 3-10 m2 < 10 m2 Mould growth in adjoining rooms - - - - Growth in ventilation systems - - - - Meget støv - - - - Samlet - - - -

30. 25 100%RH 20 80%RH 15 Absolute moisture (g/kg) 60%RH 10 40%RH 5 20%RH 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Temperature (oC) Humid air

31. Risk perception

33. General recommendations • Poor indoor climate may increase the risk of attracting infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and maybe allergy • Avoid moisturizing construction products for a prolonged time • Smoking should not take place indoors • Outdoor paints and other construction products containing fungicides should not be used indoors • Persons suffering from allergies in particular suffer from a poor indoor climate. • When selecting construction products it is important to select products with low emissions both of odorous compounds but also of other adversechemical compounds • Many ventilation systems should be better operated and maintained.

34. Authorities are recommended to immediately prioritize the following: • Targeted information campaigns about behavior to obtain good indoor air quality • Improved guidelines for monitoring of the indoor climate quality especially in homes • To identify homes with especially high radon concentrations and to reduce the exposure • To investigate the need for reduction of the exposure to formaldehyde, benzene and carbon dioxide in the indoor climate.

35. We need new knowledge about how the indoor climate affects us especially in the following fields • We need a major investigation of the importance for public heath of the indoor climate in dwellings • We need to develop new knowledge about the possibilities for reducing the annoyance caused by ventilation systems • We need to examine the health effects of exposure to particles indoors from ventilation and the possibilities for reduction of this exposure

36. Complex exposures related to building technology that may indicate increased risk of ill health • Dampness • Ventilation systems • Building envelope

37. Hot issues Dwellings Open plan offices Ventilation Particles Asthma and allergy Dampness