British Empire in America: Growth and Conflict (1650-1750)

1. British Empire in America: Growth and Conflict (1650-1750)

2. I. Mercantilism • Possession of colonies • The colonies get the raw materialsship them back to EnglandEngland makes finished productsships them back to the colonies to sell!! • Tariffs • Monopolies

3. II. Charles II • Came to the throne 1660 • Increase British trade • Navigation Acts of 1660 &1663 • Products from the colonies could only be shipped to England • All goodsmust go through England first

4. Charles (cont’d) • Edmund Randolph • Chief British customs official • “Reduce Massachusetts to obedience” • 1684—Mass. Bay Colony placed under British control • Dominion of New England-revoked the charters of all the colonies from NJ to Maine. • Strict British control

6. III. Bacon’s Rebellion • Nathaniel Bacon—opposed VA Royal Governor William Berkeley • Dispute over policy toward Native Americans • Bacon and his followers took control of the colony; burned the city of Jamestown • Ended October 1676—Bacon and many of his followers died of dysentery

7. Bacon’s Rebellion (cont’d) • Results of the Rebellion: • Limitation of the power of the royal governor by the VA gentry • Increase in slave trade ***Some of Bacon’s supporters were former indentured servants; the leaders of VA believed African slaves would be much more docile.

8. IV. African Slavery in the Americas • Tobacco cultivation needed large numbers of workers • Fewer and fewer English wanted to become indentured servants • First African slaves entered VA in 1619

9. African Slavery (cont’d) 4. Triangular Trade • Finished products from Europe Africa and the Americas • Raw materials from the coloniesEurope • Slaves from Africa America ***The shipping of slaves from Africa to America became known as the Middle Passage

11. Middle Passage • Disease and death • Africans were kept in chains under the decks • About 20% of all Africans died before reaching the Americas

14. African Slavery (cont’d) • Until the 1730s, most slaves worked on small farms • Slave culture slowly developed • Combined elements of African, European, and local traditions. • Methods of Resistance: • Broken tools • Stolen supplies • Imagined illnesses

15. African Slavery (cont’d) • Harshest in South Carolina • Overworked and illnesses. • Slave owners had fear of revolts. • Stono Rebellion—Charleston, S.C., 1739 • Nearly 100 slaves killed several plantation owners. • They were then captured, and executed • Effect: slaves were treated more harshly then ever before.

16. V. Continued Unrest in New England • Glorious Revolution • Removed King James II • William of Orange and Mary • Colonists: Better treatment? • Mass.royal colony, with a governor appointed by the crown

18. VI. Salem Witch Trials 1692 • Tensions developed between Puritan ideals vs. trade and commerce • 1692—large group of women accused of strange behavior. • By August 1692, hundreds were jailed; 19 people (18 women) executed. • Significance: The trials demonstrated the social clashes • Accusers: older farmer communities. • Accused: part of the newer “secular” class.

19. VII. Wars in Europe and Their Impact on the Colonies • England vs. France—who would be dominant? • King William’s War—1689-1697. • New England & Iroquois vs. French & Algonquian allies • French destroyed British settlement in Schenectady, NY • British captured Port Royal (present day Nova Scotia)

20. King William’s War (cont’d) • Results: • Treaty of Rysewick: • Reaffirmed prewar colonial boundaries • French maintained control over half of Santo Domingo (now Haiti)

21. Queen Anne’s War—1702-1713 • British vs. France/Spanish • British attacked St. Augustine, FL • Armed the Indians there, who attacked Spanish missions in Pensacola • French and Indian allies attack Deerfield, MA.

22. Queen Anne’s War • Results: • Neither side claimed conclusive victory • Treaty of Utrecht • France gave Newfoundland, Acadia (Nova Scotia) Hudson Bay territory 2. Use of the Great Lakes region to the British • Heightened Anglo-Americans sense of British identity; made them feel dependent on the mother country

23. The Era of “Salutary Neglect” • British policies: • Defend British territory at home and abroad • Strengthen British economy and trade ***Strict control of political affairs in the colonies was NOT a priority in this area • Appointed officials were: • Chosen because of political connections, not political skill • British politics weakened British political hold in the Americas

24. “Salutary Neglect” (cont’d) • Britain increases their economic control • Prohibited the colonists from producing their own: • Textiles • Hats • Iron • 1733, Molasses Act—tightened British control over colonial trade • Intended to tax sugar & molasses from the French West Indiesmake English sugar & molasses cheaper • Only angered the colonists, rarely paid, bypassed by illegal trading