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Plastics and Synthetic Fibres

Plastics and Synthetic Fibres. Intermediate 2 Chemistry Unit 2(d). Examples of plastics. Examples of plastics. Polythene [poly(ethene)] Polystyrene Perspex PVC Nylon Bakelite Formica Silicones. PVC [poly(vinyl chloride)]. Nylon. Bakelite. Formica. Silicones.

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Plastics and Synthetic Fibres

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  1. Plastics and Synthetic Fibres Intermediate 2 Chemistry Unit 2(d)

  2. Examples of plastics

  3. Examples of plastics • Polythene [poly(ethene)] • Polystyrene • Perspex • PVC • Nylon • Bakelite • Formica • Silicones

  4. PVC [poly(vinyl chloride)]

  5. Nylon

  6. Bakelite

  7. Formica

  8. Silicones

  9. Where do plastics come from? • Crude oil • Fractional distillation • Cracking • Alkenes

  10. Uses related to properties • Flexible • Watertight • Shatter-proof • Light

  11. Non-biodegradable • Can’t be broken down by living things. • “Biopol” is a recently developed biodegradable plastic.

  12. Other problems with plastics • Low density • Durable • Burn or smoulder to give off toxic fumes • Carbon monoxide • Hydrogen chloride • Hydrogen cyanide

  13. Types of plastic • Thermoplastic • Can be reshaped on heating • Thermosetting plastic • Cannot be reshaped on heating

  14. Chemistry of plastics • Plastics are examples of polymers • These are long chain molecules made from smaller molecules joining together • These smaller molecules are called monomers • There are two types of polymer: • Addition polymer • Condensation polymer

  15. Addition polymers

  16. Addition polymers • Like all polymers, these are made from monomers. • For an addition polymer, these monomers always have a C=C • These join together in a reaction called addition polymerisation. • view animation

  17. 1 2 3 … … + + … … 1 2 3 MONOMERS POLYMERS

  18. 1 3 2 3 1 2 + + … … MONOMERS POLYMERS

  19. Naming polymers • The name of the polymer is made by taking the name of the monomer, putting brackets around it, and adding “poly” in front • Poly(ethene) is made from ethene; • Poly(vinyl chloride) is made from vinyl chloride.

  20. Naming practice • Name the polymer made from: • Propene • Chloroethene • Name the monomer used to make: • Poly(heptene) • Poly(phenylethene)

  21. Drawing polymers, monomers and the repeating unit

  22. C=C H H H H H H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H Poly(phenylethene)

  23. Condensation polymers

  24. What type of molecule is produced from an alkanol and alkanoic acid? • Esters • Polyesters are made from similar molecules.

  25. Polyesters

  26. Monomers • Must have two functional groups per molecule • For polyesters, they are a diol and a diacid

  27. Condensation polymerisation • The joining up of two molecules, producing water, is condensation. • Because giant molecules are made, this is condensation polymerisation. • Specifically with a diol and a diacid, a polyester is produced.

  28. Polyamides • Are produced when an amine group reacts with a carboxyl group.

  29. An AMIDE group Amides • Formed when an amine reacts with an alkanoic acid. amide amine carboxylic acid

  30. Polyamides • Are condensation polymers. • Formed when a diamine reacts with a diacid.

  31. Recently developed plastics • Kevlar • Very strong • Poly(ethenol) • Water soluble • Biopol • Biodegradable

  32. Kevlar

  33. Kevlar

  34. Poly(ethenol)

  35. Poly(ethenol)

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