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Realism in Science and the Arts

This chapter explores the improvement of literacy rates in Europe in the 1800s and the impact it had on the emergence of science fiction literature. It also discusses the contributions of thinkers like Auguste Comte, Charles Darwin, and Sigmund Freud to the fields of science and social sciences.

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Realism in Science and the Arts

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  1. Realism in Science and the Arts Chapter 15: Nationalism, Realism, Mass Politics (pages 386-391)

  2. THE New Reading Public • Literacy Rates Improved after 1860’s due to: • 1. Introduction of • compulsory Primary education • Reading, writing, basic math • Teaching became a major area of employment for women.

  3. The New Reading Public • By 1900, approximately 85% of population could read in Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany • However, high illiteracy rates remained in Eastern European countries

  4. What Were People Reading? • Newspapers • Books • magazines • Mail order catalogues • Journals • Tabloid newspapers

  5. The Birth of Science Fiction • Science fiction stories accessible to wide audience • Became popular mid 1800’s • Captured the imagination of audiences • Jules Verne – Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea • H.G. Wells – The Time Machine

  6. “SCIENCE” • “The model for all human knowledge” • The height of human thought • “truth”

  7. Aguste Comte • 1798-1857 • French philosopher (sociologist) • Developed Positivism- a philosophy of human intellectual development

  8. Example: Why does a rock fall? • Ways to answer the question • 1. God wills it • 2. It is the nature of heavy objects to fall • 3. The Law of gravity

  9. Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: • 1. Theological stage- nature explained in terms of divinities & spirits • Why does the rock fall? God wills it.

  10. Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: • 2. Metaphysical Stage: • Abstract principles - Reason • Why does the rock fall? It is the nature of heavy objects to fall

  11. Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: • 3. Positive Stage: • Explanations of nature – reliance on observation • Why does the rock fall? The Law of gravity can be used to explain this phenomena

  12. Modernism • Intellectual movement 1850-1914 • Effect of modernism in literature, art, psychoanalysis, physics, intellectual life. • In literature critical of middle class society & morality

  13. Modernism & Science • 1. Charles Darwin • 2. Advances in Chemistry: Dmitri Mendeleyev • 2. The New Physics: Marie Curie, Max Planck, Albert Einstein

  14. Charles Darwin • Two Theories: • 1. Survival of the fittest -1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection • 2. All primates, including humans evolved form common ancestors-1871 The Descent of Man • http://blog.ted.com/2013/07/11/myths-and-misconceptions-about-evolution-a-ted-ed-lesson-about-the-subtleties/

  15. Social Darwinism • Herbert Spencer (British scientist) “Nations, like species, struggle to survive, and the winners are the fittest, while the inferior are eliminated” “us” vs. “them”

  16. Chemistry- Dmitri Mendeleyev • 1860’s Russia Scientist • Classifies the chemical elements –Periodic Table

  17. Chemistry -Alfred Nobel • Swedish Chemist • First produced dynamite 1867 • Allowed engineers to construct canals, tunnels • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSb-e1bB9F4

  18. Alfred Nobel

  19. Genetics – F. Gregor Mendel • Austrian Monk • Father of genetics • “Laws of inheritance” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmSJGhPTB5E

  20. Physics- Marie Curie • Examines behavior of particles in subatomic world • Polish- studies radiation • Isolated the element radium in 1910 • Works with Her husband Pierre Curie

  21. Marie Curie

  22. Polish? Or polish? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8lMW0MODFs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEV4KJBJvEg

  23. Physics-Max Planck • 1900 German • Energy of atomic particles was emitted or absorbed in specific units called “quanta” • “Quantum Theory” finalized 1925

  24. Physics- Albert Einstein • 1905 publishes • “The Electro-dynamics of Moving Bodies” • E = MC2 • ENERGY EQUALS THE MASS TIMES THE SQUARE OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT ! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMVKvO-gTs8

  25. Modernism & Social Sciences • Psychology, political science, anthropology, criminology, sociology • Demonstrate how human behavior resulted from economic, political, and social forces.

  26. Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud • Viennese Medical Doctor • Original intention: • Wished to treat “ nervous disorders”

  27. Freud’s Two Possible Treatments • 1. Electrotherapy – he declared this method useless • 2. Hypnosis

  28. The Power of the Unconscious • Freud becomes convinced • That human behavior is controlled by the unconscious

  29. Freud’s Psychoanalysis • Develops psychoanalysis – the study of dreams • Wrote The Interpretation of Dreams 1900

  30. Freud’s Theory • Freud Divided into 3 Parts: • 1. “ Id” - source of animal drives, physical appetites, lust for pleasure & avoidance of pain • 2.” Ego”- conscious mind. Reason. Prevents primitive side from taking over. • 3. “Super Ego” – accumulation of learned morals, customs, , inhibitions.

  31. Freud’s Id, Ego, & Superego http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMVKvO-gTs8

  32. Freud’s Theory • *The Ego and Super Ego repress the “id” • Important to understand unconscious mind • Can help resolve internal conflict & psychoses • Ideas disturbing to society!

  33. Modernism & Philosophy • Friedrich Nietzsche: German Philosopher (1844-1900) • Attacked: Christianity, democracy, nationalism, rationality, science, and progress! • Why?

  34. Nietzsche • Didn’t want to CHANGE society’s values • But to EXPLORE how humans construct characteristics, values, ideologies, traditions.

  35. Nietzsche’s Works • Beyond Good & Evil (1886) • The Genealogy of Morals (1887) • *seeks to find the psychological sources of good & evil

  36. Modernism & Literary Trends • Realism- portrays hypocrisy, brutality, dullness of Bourgeois Life • 1. Emile Zola – credited with starting movement • Wrote 20 novels between 1871-1893 • Subjects: alcoholism, prostitution, adultery, labor strife

  37. Realism & Literature (examples) • 1. Gustav Flaubert – Madame Bovary • A woman’s search for love outside marriage • 2. Leo Tolstoy-War & Peace • 3. Fyodor Dostoesvsli – Crime & Punishment

  38. Modern Art • 1.Realism • 2. Impressionism • 3. Post- Impressionism • 4. Expressionism • 5. Cubism • 6. Photography

  39. 1. Realism • Mid 19th century • Artistic realism perhaps influenced by photography • “romanticism is an escape from reality”

  40. Barbizon School • Barbizon, Paris • Artists focused on rural peasant life • Ex: • The Gleaners • The Angelus • Both by Jean Francois Millet

  41. The Gleaners, Jean Francois Millet

  42. Gustav Courbet • French painter • Tries to portray ordinary people realistically • Sometimes unflattering! • Louis Napoleon once struck Courbet’s painting …

  43. 2. Impressionism • Artists strive to capture “first impression” • Fascinated by light, color • Depict modern lifestyle, leisured activities, urban & lower middle classes

  44. Edward Manet (1837-1883) • A Bar at the Folies-Bergeres (1870) • Primary attention to light & color

  45. Edward Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergeres (1870)

  46. Claude Monet (1840-1926) • Light & color outdoors • Works often featured water, snow • Constructed “portable boat studio” – paint on the Seine river

  47. Claude Monet

  48. Claude Monet Mini Bio http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGoGshNbFew

  49. Camille Pisarro (1830-1903) • Focuses on “street scenes” • Vibrancy of city life… • Avenue de l’opera

  50. Painted social scenes: cafes, concerts, dancehalls Pierre-August Renoir (1841-1919)

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