Communication Training Chapter 2

1. Communication TrainingChapter 2 Perry C. Hanavan, Au.D.

2. Communication Training • Instruction provided to a person with a hearing loss to maximize his or her communication potential

3. Belonging, Independence, Mastery, Generosity • “For successful conversation between any two people, there must be mutual interest, cooperation, and sensitivity. For successful conversation between a normal-hearing person and a hearing impaired partner, the same basic requirements exist. Greater time, effort, and awareness may be required, however, to reach the same level of understanding.” NP Erber, 1993, p 109

4. Communication Strategy • A course of action taken to enhance communication • facilitate • repair

5. Conversation • Sharing ideas • Relating experiences • Telling stories • Expressing needs • Instructing • Influencing • Establishing intimacy

6. Rules of Conversation • Agree to share one another’s interests • Ensure all share in talking • Participate in topic • Take turns talking • Relevant topic discussion • Succinct messages Dr. Sam Trychin

7. Hearing Loss Characteristics • Disrupted turn taking • Modified speaking style • Inappropriate topic shifts • Superficial content • Frequent clarification

8. Facilitative instructing, structuring Repair specific tactics Classes of Strategies

9. Reception of Messages Talker Message Environment Listener

10. Facilitative Strategies • Strategies that influence the talker • instructional strategies • the listener asks the talker to change the delivery of the message (assertive) • slow down • it is difficult to lipread you when you cover your mouth • could you face me

11. Facilitative Strategies • Strategies that influence the message • Message-tailoring strategies • phrasing remarks to constrain a response of a speaker • Did you go fishing or boating? • Are you afraid of snakes?

12. Facilitative Strategies • Strategies that influence the environment • Constructive strategies • tactic designed to optimize the listening environment for communication • Let’s go into the living room to talk • Let’s sit where it is more quiet • Let’s step over here where there is more light

13. Facilitative Strategy • Strategies that influence reception (listener) • Adaptive strategies • methods of counteracting maladaptive behaviors that stem from hearing loss • relax • taking a deep breath

14. Facilitative Strategy • Strategies that influence reception (listener) • Attending strategies • methods of counteracting maladaptive behaviors that stem from hearing loss • watch the speaker’s lips • focus on the speaker

15. Facilitative Strategy • Strategies that influence reception (listener) • Anticipatory strategies • methods of preparing for a communication interaction • observant of situation clues • makes predictions about message • predicts speakers style

16. Talker Message Environment Listener Instructional Strategy Tailoring Message Strategy Constructive Strategy Adaptive Attending Anticipatory Strategy Facilitative Strategies

17. Instructional Strategies Worksheet (Talker) • ______________________________ • ______________________________ • ______________________________ • ______________________________ • ______________________________ • ______________________________ • ______________________________ • ______________________________ • ______________________________

18. Tailoring (Message) Strategy • ________________________________ • ________________________________ • ________________________________ • ________________________________ • ________________________________ • ________________________________ • ________________________________ • ________________________________ • ________________________________

19. Constructive Strategies (Environment) • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________

20. Adaptive, Attending, Anticipatory Strategies (Listener) • __________________________________ • __________________________________ • __________________________________ • __________________________________ • __________________________________ • __________________________________ • __________________________________ • __________________________________ • __________________________________

21. Repair Strategies • Communication breakdown • when one communication partner speaks a message and the communication partner does not recognize the message

22. Detecting Communication Breakdown Choose Course of Action Use Repair Strategy Disregard Utterance Bluff

23. Repair Strategies • Receptive repair strategy • tactic used by the listener (with hearing loss) when the message presented by a communication partner is not understood • Expressive repair strategy • strategy used to rectify a communication breakdown that occurs because the person with a hearing loss (speaker) produces an unintelligible utterance

24. Specific Receptive Repair • repeat all or part of message • indicate the topic of conversation • rephrase message • elaborate message • simplify the message • confirm the message • write • fingerspell

25. Nonspecific Expressive Repair • What • Huh • Pardon

26. Six Basic Principles of Conversational Repair • ONE: Use of requests for clarification improves understanding between conversational partners (e.g., Tye-Murray, Purdy, Woodworth & Tyler, 1990). • TWO: Specific training in the use of repair strategies is effective (Tye-Murray, 1991). • THREE: Some requests for clarification are considered specific, or contingent (e.g., requests for confirmation) whereas others (e.g., neutral queries) are considered non-specific, or non-contingent (see, Table 2). • FOUR: Contingent requests for clarification are more likely to sustain interaction over multiple turns than non-contingent requests (Kenworthy, 1984). • FIVE: Strategies that elicit rephrasing by the speaker are more likely to repair the communication breakdown (Gagne & Wyllie, 1989). • SIX: Requests for specific clarification are viewed more favorably by the speaker than non-specific requests (Gagne, Stelmacovich, & Yovetich, 1991; Caissie & Gibson, 1997). In other words, both interactants communicate more effectively when more specific, or contingent, repair strategies are employed. (Kenworthy)

27. Bilingual Children and Repair Most, T. (2003). The use of repair strategies: bilingual deaf children using sign language and spoken language. American Annals of the Deaf. 148:4, 308-314. When using sign, greater diversity in repair strategies were used.

28. Hard of Hearing Person Implementing Repair Adjacency pairs: linked speaking turns • nonspecific repair strategy- • request for information repair strategy- • confirmation repair strategy- • message repetition response • provide information response • feedback response

29. Conversational Styles • Passive conversational style • withdraws, bluffs, avoids • Aggressive conversational style • hostile, belligerent, bad attitude • blames others • denies, dominates, interrupts • Assertive conversational style • takes responsibility for managing communication • respects the rights of their communication partner • openly and honestly expresses needs and emotions

30. Communication Style

31. Communication Style

32. Communication Behaviors • Interactive • assertive communication style • Non-Interactive • passive communication style • Dominating • aggressive communication style Dr. Sam Trychin

33. Assignment • During the next two days: 1. analyze your communication behavior 2. analyze 2 people you communicate with daily and determine their style 3. select the communication style you prefer others use 4. Read: A Conversational Approach to Aural Rehabilitation