1960s

1. 1960s Great Society and Civil Rights Movement

2. Great Society

3. Great Society • In the 1964 campaign, President Johnson declared war on poverty. • The result: Great Society Programs • Programs included: • Medicare- government health insurance for seniors • Head Start- a preschool program; helped disadvantaged students be ready for Kindergarten • Voting Rights Act- banned literacy tests that denied African Americans the right to vote

4. Civil Rights

5. 13th Amendment • 1865: abolished slavery as a legal institution.

6. 14th Amendment • Was designed to grant citizenship and protect civil liberties of recently freed slaves.

7. 15th Amendment • 1870 – Protects rights of citizens to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of slavery.

8. Racism • Deeply rootedprejudice whichmay beexpressed inthe idea thatone race issuperior toanother. • Governor George Wallace attempting toblock integration at the University ofAlabama, 1963.

9. Jim Crow • Jim Crow was not aperson, yet affectedthe lives of millions ofpeople. "Jim Crow" came to personify the systemof government-sanctioned racialoppression andsegregation in theUnited States

10. Literacy Tests • Southern (and some western) stateshad a complicated voter registration process. • Purpose: deny the vote to those who were not white. • In the South, this process was often called the "literacy test." • (It was much more than a simple test). • http://www.ccle.fourh.umn.edu/literacy.pdf

11. Segregation • The separation of the races by law in all aspects of society- schools, housing,restaurants, club, buses and trains,theaters, and all kinds of public and privatefacilities.

12. Types of Segregation • De Facto Segregation: Segregation that exists by practice and customs • De Jure Segregation: Segregation by law

13. Separate but Equal • The legal principle, first set forth in the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson. • Separatefacilities and accommodations for Black people were constitutional so long as these resources were equal in quality to those provided for the white community.

14. Separate but Equal? • WhiteSchools • BlackSchools

15. Prejudice • A negative attitude oropinion about aperson or groupbased upon thatperson or group'srace, color, religion,national origin,ethnicity, accent,gender, disability, orother externalcharacteristic. • Do we still have prejudice today? Against whom?

16. Ku Klux Klan • The KuKlux Klan(KKK) wasoriginallyformed toterrorizeand scareBlacks

17. Lynching • murder by mob violence, without due process of law.

18. NAACP • Thurgood Marshall worked with NAACP to help overturn older court rulings on segregation. Most notably Brown vs. Board of Education • National Association for theAdvancement of Colored People(NAACP) is a civil rights organization. Itworks to end discrimination againstblacks and other minority groups.

19. Brown vs. Topeka, KS Board of Education • Landmark Supreme Court Case that effectively denied the legal basis for segregation in schools

20. “All Deliberate Speed” • Words used by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1955 in its ruling on how communities were to apply the Court’s Brown v.Topeka Board ofEducation decision of the previous year

21. Integration • Removing allbarriers andplacing all groupsof people together • Also known asdesegregation

22. EXECUTIVE ORDER • Rule or orderissued by anexecutivebranch of agovernment(ex. thepresident of theUnited States)and carryingthe force of law

23. Little Rock 9 • Nine African American Students who were suppose to be allowed to attend an all white school in Little Rock. • They faced huge racism and had to be escorted by the National Guard when parents, students, teachers and mayor refused to allow them to attend.

24. EMMITT TILL • 14 yr. oldEmmett Till wasmurdered forsaying “Byebaby” to a whitewoman inMississippi

25. Civil Rights Leaders • Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. • First famous for Montgomery Bus Boycott that lasted 381 days • Admired Gandhi • Won Nobel Peace Prize • “March on Washington”

26. Martin Luther King’s Ideology • Expose the racism, prejudice, discrimination and brutality that existed in the Southern United States. • Use non-violent means to highlight the violence, and ensure support. • Use civil disobedience to promote the change he wanted.

27. Civil Disobedience • the practice ofavoidingviolence as ameans toresolveconflict or endinjustice

28. Boycotts • Boycott is a refusal todeal with an individual,organization, orbusiness. • 1955- Montgomery Bus Boycott

29. Sit-ins • An act ofoccupyingseats in araciallysegregatedestablishmentin organizedprotestagainstdiscrimination

30. FREE RIDERS / SCLC / SNCL • Southern Christian Leadership Council (non-violent crusades) • Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee • Often leads to boycotts and sit-ins

31. Malcolm X • Formerly Malcolm Little • Changed his name in Prison • Memorized the English Dictionary • Learned Islam and became Muslim • Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood

32. Malcolm’s Ideology • Believed African Americans should stand up and fight for their freedom. – Black Nationalism • Believed violence was necessary to earn freedom. • Believed that the Christian religion was based on the white culture.

33. Stokely Carmichael • The Black Power Movement • SNCC became more radical under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael. • Carmichael advocated ideas of black power, which called upon African Americans to embrace their heritage, build communities, and lead their own organizations. • The Black Panthers • New militant political party called the Black Panthers was formed. • The Black Panthers wanted African Americans to lead their own communities. • Demanded that the federal government rebuild the nation’s ghettos.

34. Consequences Martin Luther King • One of the most widely revered figures in American History. • Achieved legislation (Voting Rights Act and Civil Rights Act) • He was shot outside a hotel in Memphis, Tennessee in 1968. Malcolm X • Tensions arose between Malcolm and the Nation of Islam. • Malcolm said he would defend himself against death threats. • He was shot 16 times during a speech in 1965.

35. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT • 1964 Civil Rights Act:banningsegregation inpublic facilities aswell as racialdiscrimination inemployment andeducation.

36. The Voting's Rights Act of 1965 • The murder of voting-rights activists inMississippi gainednational attention, • President Johnsonissued a call for astrong voting rights law • Hearings began afterwards on the bill that would become the Voting Rights Act. • Voting Rights Act: Ends discriminatory voting practices.

37. Affirmative Action • Set of public policies to help eliminate discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. • The phrase was first used by JKF in his Executive Order 10925. • originally meant to end discrimination for job applicants and employees. • Some feel it is reverse discrimination: giving special rights to some while others are left out. • According to NOW, it levels the playing field for women and minorities in jobs and education.