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Ozone Production

Ozone Production. Oxygen (O 2 ). Ozone (O 3 ). +. O 1. =. O 3. Some O 2. and re-combine. Ultraviolet Light or. molecules. with other O 2 molecules. Corona Discharge. break apart. to form Ozone. O 2. +. O 1. =. O 3. Ozone Produced in Nature.

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Ozone Production

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  1. Ozone Production

  2. Oxygen (O2) Ozone (O3) + O1 = O3 Some O2 and re-combine Ultraviolet Light or molecules with other O2molecules Corona Discharge break apart to form Ozone O2 + O1 = O3 Ozone Produced in Nature • Created in nature when oxygen molecules are subjected to ultraviolet rays from the sun or by an electric charge from lightning. Some oxygen molecules are split into single oxygen atoms which then combine with other O2 molecules to form ozone (O3). • Ozone is very unstable, and the oxidation process causes it to revert back to common biatomic oxygen (O2). • Man replicates nature to produce ozone in two ways: • By forcing oxygen or ambient air past a UV light source • By sending a spark (a “corona discharge”) through an oxygen or dry air stream.

  3. uv Lamp Ozone Production By Ultraviolet Radiation • 185nm wavelength • Low concentration – typically less than 0.01% -0.1% by weight in air Ultraviolet Lamp Air Air Flow Ozone O3 Air Air

  4. Corona Discharge Ozone Production Corona Discharge (CD) • High energy, continuous man-made lightning • High concentration – typically 1.0% --10.0% by weight (gas phase) • Much more effective disinfection than UV generated ozone, particularly dissolved in water Ambient Air (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Water) Ozone O3 Air Flow Dried Air (Oxygen, Nitrogen) Air + Byproducts Oxygen (O2) CD Ozone Reaction Chamber

  5. Corona Discharge - Initiation 1. A neutral atom or molecule of the medium, in a region of strong electric field (such as the high potential gradient near the curved electrode) is ionized by an exogenous environmental event (for example, as the result of a photon interaction), to create a positive ion and a free electron.

  6. Corona Discharge - Ele. Breakdown 2. The electric field then operates on these charged particles, separating them, and preventing their recombination, and also accelerating them, imparting each of them with kinetic energy. 3. As a result of the energization of the electrons (which have a much higher charge/mass ratio and so are accelerated to a higher velocity), further electron/positive-ion pairs may be created by collision with neutral atoms. These then undergo the same separating process creating an electron avalanche. Both positive and negative coronas rely on electron avalanches.

  7. Corona Discharge - Recombination 4. In processes which differ between positive and negative coronas, the energy of these plasma processes is converted into further initial electron dissociations to seed further avalanches. 5. An ion species created in this series of avalanches (which differs between positive and negative coronas) is attracted to the uncurved electrode, completing the circuit, and sustaining the current flow.

  8. CD vs. UV Ozone Production

  9. Higher Ozone Concentration in Gas Delivers Much Higher Ozone levels into Water • UV generation of ozone is not recommended for swimming pools because UV only produces 0.001 - 0.1% by weight of ozone, an amount wholly inadequate for proper pool sanitation • CD with oxygen concentrators generate 0.50% -10% concentrations of ozone by weight • Henry’s Law (calculations below) - dissolved concentration of a substance in a liquid is proportional to its concentration in a gas The ozone gas concentration is determined at a standard temperature of 20 degrees C (68˚ F) and a standard pressure of 1 atmosphere.

  10. Basic CD Ozone Pool Treatment Ozone Generator Oxygen PSA Oxygen Generation Ozone Gas Oxygen Feed Gas (Can be ambient air or dried air) Ozone Gas Backflow Prevention Feed Water from Pool Ozone Enriched Water Venturi Injection

  11. CD Ozone – Air Prep

  12. How Feed Gas Affects Ozone Output • O2 CONCENTRATION (More 02 In = More 03 Out) • MOISTURE CONTENT (More Moisture = Less 03 ) • CD Ozone Systems need oxygen feed gas or very dry air to work properly • Air Dryers work best in low humidity environments • Oxygen-fed Ozone systems offer high concentration and reliable operation

  13. CD Ozone – Generation • Air-Cooled vs. Water-Cooled • All CD ozone generation produces heat as a byproduct • Air-Cooled is smaller, lighter, simpler • Water-Cooled needed for very large generators producing tremendous heat • Vacuum or Pressurized Reaction Chambers • Both approach work well, application dictates which is best • Both vacuum and pressure reaction chambers must operate within manufacturer specified parameters to ensure trouble-free operation • Output Ratings • Most systems rated in grams per hour (g/hr) or pounds per day (lbs/day) • IMPORTANT: Be sure to check the output concentration! – 100 g/hr @ 3% (by weight) is as or more effective than 300 g/hr @ 1% • Maintenance • All CD Ozone systems require regular monitoring and periodic maintenance – unmaintained systems will eventually fail

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