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Hematology

Hematology. Objectives. Explain the structure of the blood. Analyze the function of the blood Discuss characteristics and treatments of common blood disorders. Structure of Blood. Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood Composition: PLASMA – liquid portion of blood without cellular components

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Hematology

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  1. Hematology

  2. Objectives Explain the structure of the blood. Analyze the function of the blood Discuss characteristics and treatments of common blood disorders

  3. Structure of Blood Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood Composition: • PLASMA – liquid portion of blood without cellular components • SERUM – plasma after a blood clot is formed • CELLULAR COMPONENTS – (elements are red cells, white cells and platelets)

  4. PLASMA • Straw colored, contains – • Water • Blood proteins • Plasma proteins • FIBRONOGEN – necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver • ALBUMIN – from the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume • PROTHROMBIN – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis. • Nutrients • Electrolytes • Hormones, vitamins, enzymes • Metabolic waster products

  5. ERYTHROCYTES Shape = biconcave disc donut-shaped HEMOGLOBIN – gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein. Function = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells Normal – men =14-18 gm, women = 12-16 gm

  6. Function of Hemoglobin • Red cells travel through the lungs where O2 is carried to tissues and released • CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange • Arterial blood – lots of oxygen = bright red • Venous blood – lots of CO2 = dark crimson What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

  7. What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

  8. ERYTHROPOIESIS • Manufacture of red blood cells • Occurs in bone marrow • Red cells live 120 days • Old cells broken down by the spleen and liver • HEMOLYSIS – rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.

  9. LEUKOCYTES White Blood Cells – LEUKOCYTES • Larger than erythrocytes • 5 types • Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800

  10. Types of White Cells Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes

  11. PHAGOCYTOSIS – process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria Basophils produce HEPARIN – an anticoagulant DIAPEDESIS – when white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue.

  12. INFLAMMATION • Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma • PATHOGENIC – disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation • Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain • Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema) • HISTAMINE increases the blood flow to the injured area • PUS produced – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma • ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis • PYREXIA – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus – in response to pathogenic invasion

  13. LEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in the number of white cells in response to infection LEUKOPENIA – decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation

  14. THROMBOCYTES (Platelets) • Smallest of solid components of blood • Synthesized in red marrow • Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes • Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process COAGULATION

  15. COAGULATION: Cut or injury  platelets and injured tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma  + Calcium ions converts to THROMBIN the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGENFIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot. ANTICOAGULANTS – prevent blood clotting HEPARIN = antiprothrombin PROTHROMBIN – dependent on Vitamin K

  16. Function of the Blood Four main functions: 1.Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and hormones 2. Aids in distribution of heat 3. Regulates acid-base balance 4. Helps protect against infection

  17. BLOOD TYPES • Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O • Inherited from parents • Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell A B O AB AB

  18. ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body. Someone with type A blood has b antibodies Someone with type B blood has a antibodies Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies

  19. UNIVERSAL DONOR – O UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – AB Red cells also may contain Rh factor If you have it, you’re Rh + If you don’t, you’re Rh –

  20. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD • ANEMIA • IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA • APLASTIC ANEMIA • SICKLE CELL ANEMIA • POLYCYTHEMIA • EMBOLISM • THROMBOSIS • HEMATOMA

  21. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD • HEMOPHILIA • THROMBOCYTOPENIA • LEUKEMIA

  22. IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA • Usually in women, children and adolescents • Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesis • Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables

  23. APLASTIC ANEMIA • Bone marrow does not produce enough red and white blood cells • Caused by drugs or radiation therapy

  24. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA • Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents • Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape • Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen • Occurs primarily in blacks • Treatment – blood transfusions

  25. POLYCYTHEMIA • Too many red blood cells are formed • May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude

  26. EMBOLISM • Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage • Also known as a “moving blood clot”

  27. THROMBOSIS • The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel • The blood clot is a THROMBUS

  28. HEMATOMA • Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space. • Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture

  29. HEMOPHILIA • Hereditary • Missing clotting factor • Blood clots slow or abnormally • Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mothers to sons Treatment: with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

  30. THROMBOCYTOPENIA • Not enough platelets • Blood will not clot properly

  31. LEUKEMIA • Malignant condition • Overproduction of immature white blood cells • Hinders synthesis of red cells • Treatment: Research on cord blood

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