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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. PERCEPTION & LEARNING. LEARNING OUTCOMES. - Define perception and the importance of perception - Explain the factors that influence perception - Explain attribution theory and the three determinants of attribution - Identify the shortcuts in making judgements about others

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 PERCEPTION & LEARNING

  2. LEARNING OUTCOMES - Define perception and the importance of perception - Explain the factors that influence perception - Explain attribution theory and the three determinants of attribution - Identify the shortcuts in making judgements about others - Explain the link between perception and decision making - Define learning and its importance to the organization

  3. PERCEPTION PROCESS Perception is a process of classifying, interpreting and giving meaning to what is happening and what we see around us.

  4. Factors Influencing Perception

  5. PERCEIVER • The individual who makes the perception. • Each individual is different therefore interpretation is different. • Among individual characteristics which would influence perception: • their past experiences • their motivation level and motivation drivers • attitudes • individual personality

  6. OBJECT OR TARGET • Object or target are the items which we intend to make perception on. • Characteristics of the target or the object affect the perception • Example: motion, sound, background, proximity as well as the similarity which the target has

  7. SITUATION • The situation would be the context in which we see the object or experience the event.

  8. PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS • Perceptual Distortions – Shortcuts • Shortcuts hinder us in making and giving the correct meaning to the situation. • Shortcuts need to be avoided. • It is very dangerous to an organization’s productivity and effectiveness.

  9. PERCEPTION DISTORTIONS (cont.)

  10. How to Manage Perception Distortion?

  11. KELLY’S ATTRIBUTIONTHEORY • - Explains why people tend to make judgements and assign reasons to other people’s behaviour. • People tend to observe other people and later tend to give reasons and assume the cause of the behaviour, whether it is internally caused or externally caused. • There are three factors which determine whether it is internal or externally caused. The factors are distinctiveness, consensus and consistency.

  12. SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY: THE PYGMALION EFFECT • Tendency for someone’s expectation about another to cause that person to behave in a manner consistent with the expectation.

  13. LEARNING • Learning is a behaviour which happens all the time. • It is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. • There are three theories which explain a learning process: • classical conditioning • operant conditioning • social learning

  14. IMPACT TO ORGANIZATION • Managers must understand and must be able to • manage perception process. • - Decision-making based on perception would result in biased and unfair decisions and this would lead to dissatisfaction among employees. • Failure to avoid the dissatisfaction would lead to less productivity which would later hinder the • profitability of the organization.

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