Internetworking Technologies & Services (III)

1. Internetworking Technologies & Services (III) • Introduction to The Internet • Internet 2 • vBNS • NGI • Routing/Futures

2. IPv6 • Solves IPv4 address limitation by extending addressing from 32 to 128 bits • Improved option mechanism • Address auto-configuration • Support for resource allocation • Enhanced Security Capabilities • Provider-based unicast addresses • Site-local-use addresses • Link-local-use addresses

3. IPv6

4. IPv6

5. IPv6

6. Internet Evolution

7. Internet Evolution • In 1958, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the Department of Defense (DoD) was created. The purpose of the government agency was to foster technology and was partially in response to the Sputnik launch by the USSR.

8. Internet Evolution • 1969 - DoD formed a computer network for ARPA and gave it the name ARPANET. The network was designed to help government scientists communicate and share information. It was originally developed to allow researchers to log-in and run programs on remote computers, but it quickly became a tool for sharing information through file transfer, electronic mail, and interest group mailing lists.

9. Internet Evolution • 1970 - ARPA became the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and ARPANET became DARPANET. • 1980 - DARPANET had grown and other networks were being developed. The architects recognized that they needed new communication protocols for the network. This led to the development of a new architecture and protocol suite called TCP/IP.

10. Internet Evolution • 1983 - DARPANET split into DARPANET and MILNET (Military Network). The Internet was formed when the Defense Communications Agency, which managed both networks, mandated the use of TCP/IP for all hosts connected to either network.

11. Internet Evolution • 1986 - National Science Foundation (NSF) joined Internet. The NSF created NSFNET to link several national supercomputer centers to support scholarly research. The NSFNET backbone of Internet now comprises 17 networks, connecting to 23 midlevel wide-area networks across the continent. In turn, the midlevel networks link computers in more than 1000 university, government, and commercial research organizations throughout the world.

12. Internet Evolution • 1990 - ARPANET was dismantled. NSFNET and MILNET are now the backbone for Internet, carrying the burden of the traffic on 56 kbps or T1 1.5 mbps transmission lines. NSFNET is currently increasing its speed to 45 mbps. Since the creation of Internet, the number of connected networks has increased rapidly. Recent estimates suggest the number of hosts range up to 1,000,000, and the number of users ranges from seven to ten million.

13. 56 Kbps NSFNET Backbone

14. 448 Kbps NSFNET Backbone

15. T1 NSFNET Backbone

16. T3 NSFNET Backbone

17. NSFNET Old Architecture

18. NSFNET New Architecture

19. ANSNET

20. International Internet Connectivity

21. Internet Popularity - BSD Unix • Internet was the implementation of the TCP/IP for the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) of the Unix operating system, which was and is in use at approximately 90 percent of all university computer science departments in the United States.

22. Internet Popularity - Free • No charges per user or per message. Once a physical connection has been made, no charges are incurred for usage or on-line time except in special cases. The local telecommunication company or service provider may charge an installation and line fee, and line usage charges, but use of the Internet is free.

23. Internet Futures • Current trends indicate that Internet access will be even more important in the business world, and with lower access costs. • The National Information Infrastructure: Agenda for Action, which stresses government involvement with the private enterprise to construct a seamless web of communications networks, computers, databases, and consumer electronics that will put vast amounts of information at users fingertips. The pace of Internet expansion is rapidly quickening.

24. Internet Hosts

25. Internet Domain Names

26. Internet Domain Names

27. Internet Host Stats

28. Internet Host Stats

29. Internet Hosts Stats

30. Internet Hosts

31. Sample Internets • DREN • NASA

32. DREN

33. NASA National Internet

34. NASA International Internet

35. vBNS

36. vBNS • vBNS stands for Very high speed Backbone Network Service. • It is the Internet fast lane for Research and Education. • It is a high performance network service. • Sponsored by NSF (National Science Foundation). • Implemented by MCI.

37. Evolution of vBNS • Internet was initially developed for interconnection of research institutes, later it was commercialized. • It was a big success and led to traffic congestion. • To ensure continuos availability of high performance network for R&E ( Research and Education) community NSF established vBNS through a cooperative agreement with MCI.

38. Implementation of vBNS • First activated on a test basis in late 1994. • It’s full network topology was on-line in early 1995. • It was first implemented as an IP/ATM network with an OC-3 (155 Mbps) infrastructure. • vBNS backbone is currently being upgraded to OC-12 ( 622 Mbps ) speeds.

39. vBNS Backbone Topology

40. Architecture Overview • vBNS interconnects 5 SCCs ( Super computer centers ) and 4 NAPs ( Network access points ) . • The 5 SCCs are • Cornell Theory Center (CTC) Sprint - New York . • National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) MFS - Washington DC . • National Center for SuperComputer Applications (NCSA) Ameritech - Chicago .

41. Architecture Overview (contd.) • Pittsburgh SuperComputer Center (PSC) Pacific Bell - San Francisco . • San Diego SuperComputer Center (SDSC). • Each SCCs has identical suite of equipment for network access.

42. Network access • Each SCC has network access via • routed FDDI. • routed HIPPI. • ATM UNI. • WAN connectivity is via through 1 or 2 OC-3 connections to ATM WAN.

43. vBNS SCC Architecture

44. Standard equipment at SCC site • IP over FDDI is supported by • NetStar GigaRouter • Cisco 7507. • IP over HIPPI is supported by • NetStar GigaRouter. • The design includes 2 routers • CISCO because well known and reliable. • GigaRouter because it supprts HIPPI and offers potential growth to OC-12.

45. Standard equipment at SCC site (contd.) • Cell level ATM is supported by the FORE ASX-1000. • This enables compatibility between IP packets and ATM cells. • To enable connectivity to ATM WAN network.

46. Links to other R&E institutions • R&E institutions are linked to vBNS Via a • NAP ( Network Access Point) or • Private interconnect at DS3 (45 Mbps) speed or • Private interconnect at OC-3 (45 Mbps) speed. • All connections support IP. • Some connections support ATM.

47. Backbone of vBNS • MCIs commercial ATM network is being used as the backbone of vBNS network. • The commercial ATM network has an OC-3 backbone . • vBNS is the only network which has OC-3 access rate.

48. vBNS Traffic Flow • vBNS traffic flows over a set of PVPs ( Permanent Virtual paths ) of MCIs commercial ATM network. • Dedicated ATM switches ( FORE ASX 1000s and LightStream 2020s ) are used for switching vBNS traffic. • These dedicated switches are co-located with commercial backbone switches.

49. vBNS Traffic Flow • The vBNS PVPs traverse the shared commercial backbone. • They donot merge at commercial switches. • PVPs run from one vBNS dedicated ATM switch to it neighbor. • This kind of switching is achieved by using PVCs (Permanent Virtual Circuits).

50. vBNS Traffic Flow • By using PVPs and dedicated switches, vBNS backbone can be perceived as • logically connected ATM network of its own. • logically connected through a set of dedicated Atm switches.