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Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IOLANDA BLIDARU MD, PhD. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. Complete / Partial vesicular mole Invasive mole ( chorioadenoma destruens ) Placental-site trophoblastic tumor Choriocarcinoma. HYDATIDIFORM MOLE. Definition.
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Gestational Trophoblastic Disease ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IOLANDA BLIDARU MD, PhD
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Complete / Partial vesicular mole Invasive mole (chorioadenoma destruens) Placental-site trophoblastic tumor Choriocarcinoma
Definition A benign tumor of the chorionic villi, characterized by: • Marked proliferation of the trophoplast,(boththe syncytium & cytotrophoplast). • Oedema or hydropic degeneration of the connective tissue stroma of the villi → distension → formation of vesicles. • Avascularity of the villi: the blood vessels disappear from villi (early death of the embryo)
Incidence • 1:2000pregnancies in US and Europe • 10 times more in South-East Asia, West Africa and Mexico = 1/120-1/240 pregnancies • choriocarcinoma► 1/15,000 pregnancies →1/500 to 1/1000 pregnancies
RISK FACTORS • race • deficiency of protein or carotene • higher incidence toward the beginning and (more) the end of the childbearing period. • age: 10 times more in women over 45 years old • consanguinity • blood type: the malignant form ► more frequent in group A • viral infections • the ovarian theca-lutein cysts
PATHOGENESIS 1. placental vascular deficiency 2. genetic hypothesis 3. immunological theory .
Pathology • The uterus is distended by thin walled, translucent, grape-like vesicles of different sizes. • These are degenerated chorionic villi filled with fluid. • No vasculature in the chorionic villi → early death + absorption of the embryo.
Pathology • Trophoblastic proliferation↑ secretion of hCG, thyroxine and P. • E production is low (absence of the fetal supply of precursors).
Pathology High hCG→ • multiple theca lutein cysts in the ovaries (about 50% of cases) • exaggeration of the normal early pregnancy symptoms and signs
Histologic section of a complete hydatidiform mole • Villi of different sizes • The large villous in the center exhibits marked edema • Marked proliferation of the trophoblasts
Types: Complete mole Partial mole
1. Complete mole • The whole conceptus a mass of vesicles. • No embryo. • Result of fertilization of enucleated ovum (no chromosomes) with a sperm which will duplicate giving rise to 46 chromosomes of paternal origin only.
2. Partial mole - A part of trophoblastic tissue only shows molar changes. - There is a fetus or at least an amniotic sac. - Result of fertilization of 1 ovum by 2 sperms - the chromosomal number is 69 chromosomes
(A) Symptoms • Amenorrhoea:short period (2-3 months). • Exaggerated symptoms of pregnancy especially vomiting. 3.Preeclampsia (headache + oedema)
(A) Symptoms 4.Vaginal bleeding • separation of vesicles from uterine wall • brown blood - retained in the uterine cavity. 5.Enlargment & tenderness of the uterus(concealed blood). 6. Passage of vesicles is diagnostic. 7. Abdominal pain - dull-aching (rapid distension of the uterus) - colicky (expulsion) - sudden and severe (perforating mole) - ovarian pain torsion or stretching cystic ovary
General examination • Pre-eclampsia (20-30% of cases), Hypertension + proteinuria. • Pallor (anemia). • Hyperthyroidism (3-10% of cases) due to chorionic thyrotropin & HCG. • Breast signs of pregnancy.
Abdominal examination • The uterus is larger than the amenorrhea (50%). • The uterus is doughy in consistency (absence of amniotic fluid + distension with vesicles). • Fetal parts and heart sound cannot be detected (except in partial mole). • Absence of external ballottement.
Local examination • Passage of vesicles (sure sign). • Bilateral ovarian cysts in 50% of cases. • No vaginal ballottement.
(C) Investigations • Serum b -hCG levelis highly elevated (> 100.000 mIU/m1). 2. Ultrasonography • characteristic intrauterine "snow storm" appearance • no identifiable fetus • bilateral ovarian cysts 3. X-ray to the abdomen: no fetal skeleton. 4. X-ray of the chest.
A real-time ultrasound of a hydatidiform mole. The dark circles of varying sizes at the top center are the edematous villi.
Differential diagnosis The increased uterine size • multiple fetuses • single macrosomic fetus • hydramnios • uterine myomas. The uterine bleeding • spontaneous abortion • noncomplicated ectopic pregnancy • uterine fibroids • cancer of the uterine corpus
Complications • Haemorrhage. • Infection. • Perforation of the uterus (spontaneously or during evacuation). • Pregnancy induced hypertension. • Hyperthyroidism. • Subsequent choriocarcinoma in about 5% of cases and invasive mole in about 10% of cases. • Recurrent mole (1-2%).
Treatment • As soon as the diagnosis of vesicular mole is established the uterus should be evacuated. • The selected method depends on: • the size of the uterus • whether partial expulsion has already occur • the patient's age and fertility desire. 3.Cross - matched blood should be available before starting.
1. Evacuation • Suction - dilatation of the cervix + Suction • Curettage - D&C • Hysterotomy - large mole - under i.v. oxytocin in saline solution; - - The material removed is sent for histological examination.
4. Hysterectomy It should be considered in women over 40 years who have completed their family to prevent developing choriocarcinoma.
Follow up • ß-hCG is measured every week till the test becomes negative for 3 successive weeks, then every month for one year. • Pregnancy is allowed if the test remains negative for one year.
Follow up • Persistent high level remnants of molar tissues which necessitate: a. chemotherapy (methotrexate) b. hysterectomy, if women had enough children. • Rising hCG level after disappearance means developing of choriocarcinoma or a new pregnancy.
Contraception during follow up • The combined pill- when the beta-HCG becomes negative. • Till this happens, the condom can be used.
Invasive Mole or ChorioadenomaDestruens • a trophoblastic tumor with penetration of the myometrium by the chorionic villi; • locally malignant; • rarely metastasizes; • may lead to perforation of uterus.
Gestational Choriocarcinoma Choriocarcinoma is evident in the fundus of the hysterectomy specimen Hemorrhagic lesions
GestationalChoriocarcinoma Sheets of anaplastic CT and ST cells with hemorrhage & necrosis. Myometrial & blood vessels invasion and early metastases No Villus formation Syncytiotrophoblast Cytotrophoblast
Metastatic Disease In 4% of patients after molar evacuation but is seen more commonly after other GTDs Sites of metastases 1- Pulmonary (80 %) 2- Vaginal metastases (30 %) 3- Hepatic (10 %) 4- Central nervous system (10 %)
Metastatic Disease If the pelvic examination & chest X-ray are negative, it is very uncommon to have metastatic involvement of other sites
Cranial MRI scan: Large metastasis on the left (black arrows) Brain MRI of a patient with a solitary brain metastasis in remission
Autopsy specimen Multiple hemorrhagic hepatic metastasis CT Scan: Liver metastsis
FIGO Anatomic Staging Of GTN The FIGO GTN Description = FIGO stage: FIGO Score FIGO Oncology Committee, 2002
WMethotrexate (MTX) is the first line of choice Hysterectomy plus Chemotherapy is indicated: If the patient does not wish to preserve fertility or There is a resistance to chemotherapies Methotrexate is less toxic than actinomycin D Methotrexate or actinomycin D alone equally effective compared with a combination of the two.