EARLY CHILDHOOD: Emotional and social development

1. Chapter 8 EARLY CHILDHOOD: Emotional and social development

2. Emotional Development and Adjustment

3. Thinking Tasks are Critical to Emotional Development • Emotions Are Central to Children’s Lives • Teaching Effective Problem-solving Skills • Learning Parents’ Expression of Emotions

4. Timing and Sequence • Facial Expressions and Body Language • Very young infants express happiness, sadness, distress, anger and surprise

5. Play Behaviors and Emotional-Social Development • Play: Voluntary activities that are not performed for any sake beyond themselves. • Functional play • Constructive play • Parallel play • Onlooker play • Associative play • Cooperative (collaborative) play

6. Emotional-Social Development • Imaginative Play is Inexpensive but Priceless • Imaginary Friends • Gender Differences • Play Benefits Emotional Well-Being • Cultural Differences in Play

7. Emotional Response and Self-Regulation • Culture Transmits Expectations • Asian and Pacific Islander (API) Children • collectivism • Hispanic American Expectations • machismo • marianismo • African American Expectations • Cross-Cultural Understanding and Effective Teaching, Health Care, and Social Services

8. Acquiring Emotional Understanding • The Link Between Feeling and Thinking • Responding to Emotions of Others • Forming Emotional Ties

9. The Development of Self-Awareness

10. Self-Esteem • A child’s own sense of self-worth or self-image is part of the overall dimension called self-esteem.

11. The Sense of Self • Self: the system of concepts we use in defining ourselves. • Neisser: Ecological Self • Interpersonal Self • Self-Concept: the image one has of oneself.

12. Measuring a Child’s Self-Esteem • Harter and Pike: Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance in Young Children.

13. Gifted Children and Their Sense of Self • Entelechy: • Self-Efficacy

14. Gender Identification

15. Gender Identity • Gender Roles: Sets of cultural expectations that define the ways in which the members of each sex should behave. • Gender Identity: The conception that people have of themselves as being male or female.

16. Hormonal Influences on Gender Behaviors • Males tend to be more logical, analytical, spatial and mathematical. • Females tend to be more verbal at an earlier age, more “emotional” and more social. • Individual child’s family experience and socialization.

17. Social Influences on Gender Behaviors • Money: Environmental influences • Kagan: Psychological processes that are at work in attuning youngsters to their gender roles • Gender and Cultural Distinctions

18. Theories Regarding the Acquisition of Gender Identity • Psychoanalytic Theory • Children psychologically bisexual at birth • Resolution of Oedipal and Electra complexes: Girls identify with mothers; Boys identify with fathers.

19. Psychosocial Theory • Erikson: Initiative versus guilt • Parents encourage (and discourage) certain gender behaviors.

20. Cognitive Learning Theory • Children are neutral at birth • Selective reinforcement and imitation play • Bandura: Observational Learning

21. Cognitive Developmental Theory • Kohlberg: self-socialization • Children first learn to label themselves as “male” or “female.” • Attempt to master behaviors • Evaluation of Theories • Gender stereotypes

23. Mothers, Fathers, and Gender Typing • Parents’ stereotypes regarding male and female children’s behavior. • Father encourages “femininity” in females and “masculinity” in males. • Father’s fear of homosexuality inhibits displays of emotion in sons.

24. Family Influences

25. Families Convey Cultural Standards • Socialization: The process of transmitting culture, of transforming children into bona fide, functioning members of society.

26. Cultural Trends Affecting Families • Shifting trends in divorce, childbearing, living arrangements, migration, education, work, income and poverty

28. Determinants of Parenting • The Parents’ Characteristics • Troubled parents more likely to have troubled children. • The Child’s Characteristics • Age, gender and temperament • Sources of Stress and Support

29. Key Child-Rearing Practices • Warmth or hostility • Control or autonomy • Consistency or inconsistency • Combinations: • Warm but restrictive • Warm with democratic procedures • Hostile (Rejecting) and restrictive • Hostile and permissive

30. Child Abuse • Fine line between legitimate discipline and child abuse • Sexual Abuse of Children • Prevention Programs

31. Parenting Styles • Authoritarian: Parents operate from the rejecting-demanding dimensio • Children: Discontented, withdrawn, distrustful

32. Authoritative • Parents provide firm direction but give freedom within limits. • Children: Self-reliant, self-controlled, explorative, contented • Scaffolding: Supports a child’s learning through interventions and tutoring that provide helpful task information attuned to the child’s current level of functioning.

33. Permissive Parenting • Non-punitive, accepting and affirmative environment • Children regulate own behavior. • Children: least self-reliant, explorative and self-controlled

35. Harmonious Parenting • Egalitarian parenting • Children: Small sample in study; not enough for projection

36. Gaining Perspective on Parenting • The Harvard Child-Rearing Study • How parents feel about child makes the difference • The Harvard Preschool Project • Effective mothers do not devote their entire day to child rearing

37. American Family Structures in 2000 • Single-Parent Families and Effects of Divorce: • Adjustment is better second year • Joint Custody Arrangements: • Best predictor for child: relationship with both mother and father • Young Children with Gay or Lesbian Parents

38. Sibling Relationships • Differences in the microenvironment: • Firstborn: Parents attach greater importance to their firstborn. • Confluence Theory: The oldest sibling: richer intellectual environment

39. Resource Dilution Hypothesis • Resources get spread thin to the detriment of all offspring • Adler’s “dethroning” of firstborn

40. Nonfamilial Social Influences

41. Peer Relationships and Friendships • Peers are individuals who are approximately the same age • 3-year olds form friendships like adults. • Peer Reinforcement and Modeling: • Children learn by imitating other children.

42. Aggression in Children • Aggression: Behavior that is socially defined as injurious or destructive. • Boys: physical and verbal aggression • Girls: relational issues

43. Preschools and Head Start

44. Advantages • Performed as well or better than peers • Fewer grade retention • Better parenting skills for parents • Higher academic achievement • Less delinquent behaviors • Better parent involvement in school

45. Media Influences

46. Television • Television fosters aggressive behavior. • Children learn aggressive skills. • Weakens children’s inhibitions • Vicarious conditioning

47. Video and Computer Games and the Internet • Opportunities for learning and decision-making • Opportunities for inappropriate learning