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A. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

A. SCIENTIFIC METHOD. 1. Which of the following is a lab safety violation? a. Students should read all procedures before starting any lab work. b. Students should always wear goggles during a lab. c. Students should eat their lunch while working on a lab.

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A. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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  1. A. SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Which of the following is a lab safety violation? a. Students should read all procedures before starting any lab work. b. Students should always wear goggles during a lab. c. Students should eat their lunch while working on a lab. d. Students should follow all directions given by the teacher.

  2. 2. An educated guess is called a (n) • hypothesis 3. Which step of the scientific method states whether or not the hypothesis is correct or incorrect? • Conclusion 4. Which step of the scientific method organizes and analyzes data? • Observation

  3. 5. Read the experiment below to answer the questions below. John is testing whether or not fertilizer increases plant growth. His hypothesis was that fertilizer would make plants grow more. He uses 2 plants. Plant A was grown in soil and Plant B was grown in soil with fertilizer added to it. John gave each plant the same amount of water, and the same amount of sunlight. He measured the height of each plant once a week for 5 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the height of Plant A was 10 cm and the height of Plant B was 15 cm. a. IV • Fertilizer b. DV • height c. Control group • Plants A d. Experimental group • Plant B e. What are 2 factors that must remain constant? • Type of plant, same amount of soil, same amount of water, temperature • f. Describe what can be done to make the results of this study more reliable. • Repeat or increase sample size.

  4. MEASUREMENT 6. What is mass? • The amount of matter in an object (grams) 7. What is volume? • The amount of space an object takes up

  5. 8. The volume of water in a graduated cylinder is 30mL. A marble is placed into the graduated cylinder. The volume of the water is now 34mL. a. What is the volume of the marble? • 34-30 = • 4 mL

  6. 9. According to the triple beam balance at the right, what is the mass of the object? • 62.4g

  7. 10. An object has a length of 2 cm, a height of 3.2 cm and a width of 0.23 cm. What is the volume of the object! Show all work! • V = L x W x H • V = 2 cm x 3.2 cm x 0.23 cm • V = 1.472 (always round to nearest tenth) • V = 1.5 cm3

  8. 11. What is the length of the object below in centimeters? (The object starts at zero) • 41.9cm

  9. 12 mL 16 mL 12. What is the volume of the liquid in each graduated cylinder shown below? 

  10. 13. a. The mass of an object is 50gm and its volume is 5.5 mL. What is the density of the object? Show all work. D = m v D = 50 gm 5.5 mL D = 9.1 gm/mL b. Does the object float in water? Why or why not? It does not float. In sinks because it has a greater density than water (1.0gm/mL)

  11. 14. Identify the following temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius. a. melting point of water? • 0°C, 32°F • c. boiling point of water? • 100°C, 212°F b. freezing point of water? • 0°C, 32°F

  12. C. MICROSCOPE 15. Label the diagram of the microscope: • a. eyepiece • b. body tube • c. fine adj • d. nosepiece • e. objective lens • f. diaphragm • g. base • h. coarse adj • i. arm • j. stage clips • k. stage • l. mirror/light source h i k f l g

  13. 16. Which part of the microscope controls the amount of light used? • diaphragm 17. When switching from low to high power, what happens to the field of view? • It decreases 18. Draw what the letter “e” looks like when looking at it under a microscope. 19. What is the total magnification produced by a microscope using a 10x ocular lens and a 10x objective lens? • 10 x 10 • 100x e

  14. 20. a. 1mm = _________________um • 1000 b. 7895.7 um = ________ mm • 7.8957 mm

  15. 21.What is the diameter of the field of view below in millimeters and micrometers? • 3.5 mm • 3500 um

  16. 22. What is the length of the object in the field of view below in millimeters and micrometers? • 1.5 mm • 1500 um

  17. D. CHEMISTRY 23. Label the subatomic particles of the atom below and indicate its charge. A. Electron ( negative) B. Neutron (no charge) C. Proton ( positive)

  18. Gas solid Liquid Very far apart Close together Some space between Very fast Vibrate Slide past each other 24. Identify each phase below (solid, liquid, gas). Write the name of the phase to the right of each diagram as well as the positioning and speed of the molecules.

  19. 25. For the following questions, choose the phase change that is described by each statement. Melting Evaporization Condensation Freezing Sublimation a. Gas loses heat energy. condensation b. When liquid absorbs heat energy. evaporation c. The solid absorbs heat energy. melting d. Solid changes directly to the gas phase. sublimation e. Liquid loses heat energy. freezing

  20. a. Iodine reacts with hydrogen to form a gas. • C b. Shattering of a glass • P c. Rust on a garden tool. • C d. Freezing of ice. • P e. Evaporation of a mud puddle. • P f. Burning of a piece of paper • C g. Explosion of fireworks • C h. Drying of wet laundry. • P 26. For the following questions, determine if a physical (P) or chemical change (C) is being described.

  21. 27. The following statements are false. Change the underlined word to make the statement correct. In a compound, elements are physically combined. mixture b. In a mixture, substances cannot be separated by physical means. compound c. A compound cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. Element d. Filter paper is used to separate iron from sand. magnet e. The solvent is the substance being dissolved in a solute. Solute, solvent

  22. Very ductile and malleable. • M b. Brittle • N c. Good conductors of heat and electricity • M d. On the right side of metalloids on the periodic table. • N & NG e. Can be shiny or dull • ME f. Also called inert. • NG g. No luster. • N & NG h. Non-reactive • NG • i. On the left side of metalloids on the periodic table. • M 28. For the questions below, select the family below being described (Metals - M, Nonmetals - N, Metalloids - ME, Noble Gases - NG)

  23. a. Atomic mass = b. Mass number = c. Number of protons = d. Number of neutrons = e. Atomic number = f. Number of electrons = 112.41 112 48 64 48 48 29. Identify the following information for the element below.

  24. a.Which letter represents the metals? b.Which letter represents the noble gases? c.Which letter represents a period? d.Which letter represents a group? e. Which letter would contain some metalloids? C E A B & E D 30. Use the Periodic Table below to answer the following questions.

  25. 31.The diagram below shows a single sugar cube that has been placed in a container of water. The sugar cube will dissolve in the water. Describe 3 ways to make the sugar cube dissolve more quickly in the water. A. Heat up the solvent (increase temp) B. Mix/stir the solution C. Crush the sugar cube (increase surface area)

  26. a. How many grams of solid solute will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 25°C? b. Describe the relationship between the solubility of the gaseous solute and temperature in this graph. 36 g As temperature increases, solubility decreases. 32. The graph below shows the solubility curves for a solid solute and a gaseous solute.

  27. a. What is the melting point of this substance? b. Which number represents evaporation? c. What is the boiling point of this substance? d. What is happening to the temperatture at #4? e. What is happening to the molecules of this substance as time increases? f. Which number represents freezing? 0°C 4 100°C Stays the same/does not change Move faster and farther apart 1 33. The graph below shows the heating curve for water. Answer the questions using the graph. .

  28. E. CELLS 34. List the 3 parts of the Cell Theory. • Cells are the basic unit of function in all living things. • Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things. • All cells come from preexisting cells.

  29. 35. List the 3 exceptions to the Cell Theory. • Viruses are not cells and are not made of cells. • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and don’t need the nucleus to replicate. • The first cell could not have come from another cell.

  30. 36. Identify the scientist who made the following contributions to the cell theory: a. All animals are made of cells. • Schwann b. Cells come from preexisting cells. • Virchow c. All plants are made of cells. • Schleidan d. Looked at cork & named what he saw as “cells.” • Hooke

  31. 37.

  32. 38. Label the plant and animal cells below. Chromosomes (DNA) ER Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondria Golgi Bodies Ribosomes Vacuole Cell membrane Vacuole Cell Wall Chloroplast

  33. X O. Centrioles P. Cytoplasm Q. ER R. DNA S. Nucleolus T. Nuclear Membrane U. Ribosome V. Golgi Bodies W. Mitochondria X. Cell Membrane

  34. 39. List the 5 levels of organization of a multicellular organism from smallest to largest. • Cells tissues  organs organ systems  organism

  35. a. If the particles in the diagram represent carbón dioxide molecules and are moving from A  B, what process does that represent? Is energy needed for this process to occur? b. If the particles in the diagram represent carbón dioxide molecules and are moving from B  A, what process does that represent? Is energy needed for this process to occur? 40. Below is a diagram of two spaces being separated by a selectively permeable membrane. . Diffusion, no energy needed c. If the particles in the diagram represent wáter molecules and they are moving from A  B, what process does that represent? Is energy needed for this process to occur? Active transport, yes Osmosis, no

  36. 41. What happens when salt water is added to a(n): a. Animal cell = • Cell shrivels up because water leaves the cell. b. Plant cell = • The cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall as water leaves the cell. The cell wall is unaffected.

  37. 42. What is produced by respiration which is needed for the life processes of every organism? • Energy, ATP 43. Which nutrient is needed for each type of respiration to occur? • glucose

  38. d. Carried out by yeast • Alcoholic Fermentation e. produces 36 ATP • Aerobic f. occurs in mitochondria  • Both e. occurs in mitochondria  a. Requires oxygen • Aerobic b. Fermentation • Anaerobic c. Occurs in the muscles in the absence of oxygen • Lactic Acid Fermentation 44. Identify the type of respiration being described:

  39. 45. The sum total of all life processes is known as • Metabolism 46. Maintaining a stable, internal environment in a living thing is known as • Homeostasis

  40. CLASSIFICATION 47. List the 7 levels of classification from largest to smallest. • Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 48. What two words are used to name an organism? • Genus species 49. What scientist came up with this system of naming? • Linnaeus

  41. 54. What kingdom(s) contain organisms that are: a. unicellular • Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Protists b. only heterotrophic • Animals & Fungi c. prokaryotic Archaebacteria, Eubacteria d. heterotrophic or autotrophic • Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Protists

  42. G. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 51. Label the digestive system diagram below. mouth esophagus liver stomach Gall bladder pancreas Small intestine Large intestine rectum

  43. 52. How is energy measured in food? • calories 53. Where does the chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin? • mouth 54. How does mechanical digestion happen in the mouth? • teeth chew and grind food 55. Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin? • stomach 56. Where does digestion end? • Small intestine/duodenum 57. Where does most digestion occur? • Small intestine/duodenum

  44. 58. Where does peristalsis occur? • esophagus & the rest of the digestive system 59. Where are nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream? • villi in the small intestine 60. Where is water absorbed back into the body? • large intestine 61. The stomach produces gastric juice. What is this juice made of? • hydrochloric acid and pepsin 62. Where is bile produced? Where is bile stored? • Liver, gall bladder

  45. REVIEW 1. What is the volume of the liquid in the graduated cylinder below? a. b. 30.0 mL 23.0 mL

  46. 2. What is the volume of the sphere below? 100-80 = 20.0 mL

  47. 3. Identify 2 unicellular organisms. 4. How is energy measured in food? 5. Which organelle controls the cell? 5. Which process involves moving water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? 6. Where does most digestion occur in the difestive system? 7. Which process produces energy? 8. Name two organelles found only in plant cells?9. What are the 5 levels of organization in a multicellular organism?

  48. 10. Which part of the microscope is used to focus under low power? 11. What is a unicellular organism? 12. What substance is needed to carry out aerobic respiration? 13. Explain one rule that must be followed in the laboratory at all times. 14. What is a hypothesis? 15. Which organelle packages and ships out materials in a cell? 16. How many kingdoms are there? 17. Identify each kingdom.

  49. 18. What element is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and lipids? 19. Which two elements must be found in all organic compounds? 20. What organic compound insulates the body? 21. What is the building block of a carbohydrate? 22. What organic compound makes up muscles? 23. Which polysaccharide is only found in animals?

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