+ / -

1. + / -

2. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Definition)

3. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale) 7 38

4. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale) 39 41 42

5. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Scale) Pfiesteria 6 5

6. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Diet Breadth) 47 46 SUMMER WINTER Microtus agrestis (Field Vole) Clethrionyms glareolus (Bank Vole) Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox) (Finland) 45 M. rossiaemeridionalis) (Sibling Vole) 48 Ondatra zibethica (Muskrat)

7. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Diet Breadth) Fig. 12.5 in Cain et al. 2008

8. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Diet Breadth) 50 Snail Kite (Florida Everglades) 49

9. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Defenses) 53 52 56 54 55 59

10. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Defenses) 58 57

11. EXPLOITATION: PREDATION (Defenses) 51

12. COEVOLUTION • Evolution of two interacting species, • each in response to selection imposed • by the other

13. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Definition) 103 102

14. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Scale) 61 60 63 62

15. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Scale) 4 64 94

16. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Scale) 65

17. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Diet Breadth) Fig. 12.7 in Cain et al. 2008

18. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Diet Breadth) 1 66

19. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Food Quality) Fig. 12.6 in Cain et al. 2008

20. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Defenses) 67 96 95

21. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Defenses) 74 97 73

22. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Defenses) 68 69 70 71 72

23. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Plant Adaptation) 76 75

24. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Herbivore Adaptations: Rumen) 77

25. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Herbivore Adaptations: Rumen Flora) 78 79

26. EXPLOITATION: HERBIVORY (Herbivore Adaptations) 78 (Parabasalid) 78 78

27. COEVOLUTION • Evolution of two interacting species, • each in response to selection imposed • by the other 74 73

28. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Scale: Macroparasites) 35 2 79

29. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Scale: Microparasites) 3 83 82 Wheat Rust (Puccinia)

30. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Scale: Microparasites) 80 Fly-Killing Fungus (Entomophthora) Fig. 13.2 in Cain et al. 2008

31. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Ectoparasites) 84 45 2

32. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Endoparasites: Animals) 85 (Canine Tapeworm) 79 86

33. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Endoparasites: Plants) 87 89 90 88 Peach Leaf Curl Apple Scab

34. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Hemiparasites) 91

35. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Prevalence) Fig. 13.3 in Cain et al. 2008

36. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Prevalence) Fig. 13.4 in Cain et al. 2008

37. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Host Defense) Immune System (Animals) 92

38. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Host Defense) Fig. 13.7 in Cain et al. 2008

39. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Host Defense) Fig. 13.8 in Cain et al. 2008

40. EXPLOITATION: PARASITISM (Parasite Counterdefense)

41. COEVOLUTION • Evolution of two interacting species, • each in response to selection imposed • by the other

42. EXPLOITATION: PARASITOIDISM 9 8

43. EXPLOITATION: DISEASE 32 31 30

44. 10 EXPLOITATION: DISEASE 11 12 13

45. EXPLOITATION: DISEASE “Pseudoflowers” Mustard (Arabis holboelii); Rust (Puccinia holboelii) Fig. 14.4 in Molles 2006

46. EXPLOITATION • Predation • Herbivory • Parasitism • *Parasitoid • *Disease / Pathogens

47. 25 Million Species on Earth 33

48. EXPLOITATION? MUTUALISM? (Endoparasites: Animals) Spiny-Headed Worm Isopod 17 Starling

49. EXPLOITATION: (?) Fig. 14-2 in Molles 2006

50. Effect of Exploitation on Prey Abundance 37 36