WHAT MADE THE YISHUV VIABLE?

1. WHAT MADE THE YISHUV VIABLE? INSTITUTIONS

2. YISHUV • THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN MANDATORY PALESTINE 1922-1948 • GREW FROM ABOUT 80,000 TO 650,000 • LABOR ZIONISM • REVISIONIST ZIONISM • GENERAL ZIONISM

3. WHY DID THE FIRST ALIYA FAIL? • JEWS PREFERRED AMERICA • IT HAD HIGHER WAGES • IT ATTRACTED MORE JEWS • JEWISH IMMIGRANTS LIVED IN CITIES • ARAB LABOR WAS MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN JEWISH LABOR • POLITICS DID NOT MAKE SOCIETY

4. JEWISH LABOR UNECONOMIC IN THE ORANGE GROVES

5. WHY DID THE SECOND ALIYA SUCCEED? • A CONVENTIONAL EXPLANATION LOOKS TO THE JEWISH AGENCY “VIRTUAL GOVERNMENT” • BUT THERE WAS NO HOMOGENOUS ZIONIST MOVEMENT • A DEEPER LOOK FOCUSES ON LABOR ZIONISM

6. WHAT WAS THE 2ND ALIYA? • MOVEMENT OF ZIONIST IMMIGRANTS FROM 1905-1915 • LED THE “YISHUV” INTO STATEHOOD • PROMINENT AND DOMINANT LEADERS: DAVID BENGURION, YITZHAK BEN ZVI, • “SOCIALISTS” WHO PUT POLITICS IN COMMAND

7. POLITICAL ICONOGRAPHY THEODOR HERZL

8. CHAIM WEIZMANN • PRESIDENT OF ISRAEL WITH US PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN

9. DAVID BEN-GURION

10. BERL KATZNELSON • LABOR ZIONIST IDEOLOGIST

11. INNOVATIONS OF LABOR ZIONISM • HISTADRUT • KIBBUTZIM & JEWISH NATIONAL FUND • HAGANA • HEBREW

12. HISTADRUT • GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF JEWISH WORKERS IN ERETZ YISRAEL FOUNDED IN HAIFA IN 1920. • GENERAL SECRETARY WAS DAVID BEN-GURION • CLASSICAL ZIONISM WAS MIDDLE CLASS BUT IN PALESTINE IT WAS COLECTIVIST • HISTADRUT PIONEERED A DUAL ECONOMY EMPLOYED STRIKES, POLITICAL POWER OVER JEWISH AGENCY SPENDING, AND INVESTMENT OF ITS OWN RESOURCES (HEVRAT OVDIM AND SOLEL BONEH) • CONTROL OF HISTADRUT ENSURED THAT MANY NEW IMMIGRANTS WERE TIED TO LABOR.

13. HISTADRUT AS A POLITICAL CENTER • HISTADRUT WAS THE NUCLEUS OF THE STATE BECAUSE • IT WAS AN ARENA FOR POLITICAL COMPETITION • IT HELD RESOURCES FOR DISTRIBUTION • IT CONTROLLED ITS OWN MILITARY FORCE • IT COULD DISCIPLINE OTHER SECTIONS OF THE YISHUV

14. THE KIBBUTZ • THE KIBBUTZ WAS A COLLECTIVE FARM • MEMBERS LIVED COMMUNALLY • MEMBERS SHARED THE PROFITS • MEMBERS HAD NO INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY

15. ICONOGRAPHY OF THE KIBBUTZ • HAPPY HEALTHY KIBBUTZNIKS

16. QUASI-PEASANT KIBBUTZNIKS

17. COMMUNAL KIBBUTZNIKS

18. PROGRESSIVE WOMEN KIBBUTZNIKS

19. WHAT ABOUT THE JEWISH NATIONAL FUND? • BOUGHT LAND USING DONATIONS FROM ABROAD • HELD LAND AS A “CORPORATION” • MADE “SOCIALIST” I.E., NON-MARKET DECISIONS ABOUT PURCHASE AND USE • NEVER SOLD LAND

20. ESDRAELON/JEZREEL WAS THE SITE OF MUCH JEWISH AGRICULTURE

22. WHY WAS IT IMPORTANT? • THE KIBBUTZ PROVIDED THE ZIONISM WITH TERRITORIAL EXTENSION • BY REPLACING FOR-PROFIT AGRICULTURE THE KIBBUTZ ALSO CREATED JEWISH PEASANTS • THE KIBBUTZ PROVIDED THE IMAGE OF A HEROIC ZIONIST PIONEER AND PROVIDED THE MANPOWER FOR THE NUCLEUS OF THE PROTO-ARMY.

23. WHAT WAS HAGANA? • A MILITIA ATTACHED TO HISTADRUT • 1907 BEN GURION AND BEN TZVI FOUNDED THE BAR GIORA AND BY 1914 FIELDED FOUR SQUADS • 1920 ACHDUT HAAVODA PARTY ORGANIZED DIRECTLY UNDER THE POLITICAL CONTROL OF THE HISTADRUT LEADERSHIP • HAGANA EMERGED FROM THE REALITY OF RURAL SELF-HELP BUT ITS STRUCTURE DERIVED FROM EUROPEAN SOCIALIST VIEWS OF THE STATE • 1936 HAGANA HAD 3,000 MEN AT ARMS AND A CLEAR “DUAL POWER” IN PALESTINE EXISTED.

24. THE ICONOGRAPHY OF HAGANA • THE SOLITARY GUARDIANS

25. A SOCIETY IN ARMS: WOMEN TOO

26. TRAINED TO FIGHT AS WELL AS DRILL`

27. HEBREW • YIDDISH WAS THE COMMON LANGUAGE OF EUROPEAN JEWS • HEBREW CREATED A COMMON CULTURE • HEBREW ALSO FORCED THEM TO CUT TIES WITH THEIR PAST • BIBLICAL (CLASSICAL) HEBREW HAD TO BE MADE VERNACULAR (NATIONAL)

28. THIRD ALIYA • BETWEEN 1920 AND 1925 • SECOND GENERATION OF PRE-STATE LEADERS • STILL ONLY ABOUT 35,000 JEWS CAME IN THAT WAVE.

29. LARGE-SCALE IMMIGRATION IN THE LATE 20s AND 30s • INCREASED IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE BECAUSE: • 1924 CLOSURE OF THE US • GROWTH OF STATE-SPONSORED ANTI-SEMITISM IN EUROPE • 60,000 CAME IN THE FOURTH ALIYA AND 190,000 JEWS CAME BETWEEN 1932 AND 1936

30. REINFORCEMENT OF LABOR ZIONISM • HISTADRUT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF THE ABSORPTION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS • MOST WERE URBAN RESIDENTS WHO DEPENDED ON THE DUAL ECONOMY FOR EVEN MINIMAL SURVIVAL

31. LESS GLAMOROUS FACTORY WORKERS

32. LUNCH TIME LECTURES

33. NEEDED URBAN SERVICES