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Global History

Global History. Regents Review. The Basics. distinctive way they live called their CULTURE Civilizations tend to believe their own is superior, called ETHNOCENTRISM Any civilization that has contact with others is changed by that contact, called CULTURAL DIFFUSION

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Global History

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  1. Global History Regents Review

  2. The Basics • distinctive way they live called their CULTURE • Civilizations tend to believe their own is superior, called ETHNOCENTRISM • Any civilization that has contact with others is changed by that contact, called CULTURAL DIFFUSION • Every civilization has some form of GOVERNMENT to keep order and ECONOMY to determine how resources are used • Every civilization is affected by its surroundings and climate, called GEOGRAPHY, and develops strategies to deal with them

  3. Belief Systems • Polytheistic vs. Monotheistic • Mono = Judaism, Christianity, Islam • Poly = Hinduism, Shintoism, Animism • Philosophies • Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism • Moral Codes create rules

  4. 1. Judaism • Monotheistic • Practiced around the world • Torah = book • Ten Commandments = moral code • Basic beliefs = the messiah has not come yet • Major figures = Abraham (founder) & Moses

  5. 2. Christianity • Monotheistic • Practiced around the world • Book = Bible • Ten Commandments = moral code • Basic beliefs = Jesus was the Messiah • Major figures = Jesus (founder) Abraham & Moses

  6. 3. Islam • Monotheistic • Practiced around the world, centered in the Middle East • Book = Qu’ran • Basic rules = Five Pillars (faith, pilgrimage, charity, fasting, prayer • Basic beliefs = Mohammed was the final prophet of Allah • Major figures = Mohammed (founder), recognizes all previous figures as prophets

  7. 4. Hinduism • Polytheistic • Practiced in India • Book = Upanishads, Vedas • Moral code = Darhma • Basic beliefs = • All life is sacred • Caste system • Reincarnation • Karma • Major figures = No one founder

  8. 5. Animism • Polytheistic • Practiced in Africa (traditional) • Book = none • Basic beliefs = • Gods in nature • Ancestor worship

  9. 6. Shintoism • Polytheistic • Practiced in Japan (traditional) • Book = none • Basic beliefs = • Gods in nature • Kami • Ancestor worship

  10. 7. Buddhism • Philosophy • Origin = India • Practiced in China, Japan, SE Asia • Book = 3 Jewels • Moral code = Eightfold Path • Basic beliefs = equality • All life is sacred • Reincarnation • Enlightenment • Nirvana • Major figures = Siddhartha Gautama (founder)

  11. 8. Confucianism • Philosophy • Practiced in China & Japan • Book = Analects • Basic beliefs = • Social order • Education • Five Basic Relationships • Major figures = Confucius

  12. 9. Daoism • Philosophy • Practiced in China & Japan • Basic beliefs = • Equality • “live and let live” • Major figures = Lao-tse (spelled different ways)

  13. Human Beginnings • humans first existed in AFRICA in the GREAT RIFT VALLEY • MIGRATED throughout the world • early humans were NOMADIC HUNTER-GATHERERS • NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION = farming and domestication of animals • Food surplus • Pop. Growth • Gov’t • Job specialization • Settlements/villages/civilizations

  14. River Valleys • Develop near water • Provide irrigation and transportation • Rivers provide silt for farming • Common achievements = irrigation, writing systems, theocracies, large architecture

  15. 1. Mesopotamia • Sumer, Babylon • Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • No natural barriers = invasions • Theocracies developed • Achievements = Irrigation, Hammurabi’s Code, cuneiform, wheel, plow, sail, ziggurats

  16. 2. Egypt • Nile River • Natural barriers = Desert, north-flowing Nile, cataracts • Theocracy = pharaoh is a god • Achievements = Irrigation, hieroglyphics, pyramids, calendar to predict the Nile

  17. 3. Indus River Valley • India • Indus River • natural barriers = Himalayas, Hindu Kush • Unpredictable flooding, monsoons • Achievements = Irrigation, planned cities, sewage system, wealthy trade with Meso.

  18. 4. China • Huang He River Valley • Very little farmland in China • Natural barriers = Himalayas, Gobi Desert, Pacific Ocean = VERY ISOLATED • Achievements = Irrigation, writing system

  19. Classical Age • Ancient Greece and Rome • Basis of modern democracy & law • Basis of Renaissance art

  20. Classical Civilizations - Greeks • 5th century BC highpoint • impact of geography: fishing, sea trade, independent city-states lack unity and very little farmland due to mountains • Golden Age of Athens • Direct democracy led by Pericles • Vs. militarism in Spartan oligarchy • Alexander the Great – conquest of the Middle-East as far as India • Greek Achievements = law & gov’t, geometry, architecture, philosophy, art

  21. Rome • Geography • Peninsula = Access to Med. Sea & trade • Mountainous North = little farmland • Impact of geography • Use Med. Sea to communicate/conquer • Build roads for communication/trade • Achievements • Law/representative gov’t, Twelve Tables, Latin, architecture, engineering

  22. Pax Romana = Golden Age • Augustus = major emperor • Dictatorship • Bread and circuses • Decline • Weak/corrupt leaders, empire too big, invasions, high taxes, roads destroyed

  23. Golden Ages A time period of political stability, economic prosperity, and Technological and Cultural Achievements!

  24. 1. Byzantine Empire • Was the Eastern Roman Empire • Political stability • Justinian’s Code • Economic Prosperity • World-wide trade • Technological/Cultural Achievements • Spread of Christianity and Cyrillic alphabet to Russia • Preserved Greek and Roman culture

  25. 2. Han Dynasty • Political stability • Wudi = emperor • Confucianism = Mandate of Heaven, Dynastic Cycle • Civil Service Exams • Economic Prosperity • Trade along the Silk Roads • Monopoly on silk production

  26. Technological/Cultural Achievements • Invention of paper • Silk, jade sculptures • Reasons for Decline • Weak leaders, empire too large, high taxes

  27. 3. Tang/Song Dynasties • Political stability • Civil service exams • Economic Prosperity • Trade along the Silk Roads • Sea Trade • Technological/Cultural Achievements • Gunpowder, block printing • Moveable type, compass

  28. 4. Islamic Empire • Political stability • Abbassid Dynasty • Economic Prosperity • Center of World Trade • Banking system • Technological/Cultural Achievements • Mathematics • Medical books • Circumference of the Earth

  29. 5. Maurya • India • Political stability • Emperor Chandragupta • Economic Prosperity • Trade on Silk Roads • Technological/Cultural Achievements • Spread Buddhism to China/SE Asia

  30. 6. Gupta Empire • India • Political stability • Centralized bureaucracy • Economic Prosperity • Trade on Silk Road • Technological/Cultural Achievements • Arabic numerals • Earth is round • Small pox vaccination

  31. Middle Ages • Feudalism = land in exchange for protection & loyalty • Decentralized • Church is powerful • System of mutual obligations • Rigid class system • Manorialism = economic system • Self-sufficient manors

  32. Vs. Japanese Feudalism (1100s) Emperor Shogun King Lords System of mutual obligation Daimyo Samurai = warriors; Bushido Vassals Knights = warriors; chivalry Peasants (85%) Artisans Merchants Serfs 85% of the pop.

  33. Crusades • Holy wars (1096) • Christians vs. Muslims to recapture holyland • Creates a rise in trade, cultural diffusion, and demand for goods from the east

  34. Japanese Feudalism • Result of geographic limitations • Archipelago • Oceans • Tokugawa Shogunate • Centralized feudalism • Closed country policy

  35. More Golden Ages Mongols, Ming, and Ottomans

  36. 7. Pax Mongolia • China & Asia • Political stability • Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan • Economic Prosperity • Safe trade on Silk Road • Technological/Cultural Achievements • Brings Europe in contact with Asia • Demand for eastern goods rises • Impact on Russia: isolation & absolute gov’t

  37. 8. Ming Dynasty • China • Political stability • Mings overthrow Mongols • Civil service exams • Economic Prosperity • Silk Road & Sea trade • Exports: silk, porcelain, spices • Technological/Cultural Achievements • Silk, porcelain, jade, Most of Great Wall • Zheng He explored & established trade

  38. 9. Ottoman Empire • Middle East • Political stability • Suleiman creates law code • Economic Prosperity • Controlled trade between Europe and Asia • Conquered Constatinople • Technological/Cultural Achievements • Banking, canons, muskets, trade, spread of Islam

  39. Global Trade • Causes • Italy (Florence,Venice) near med Sea. • Mongols, Ottomans, Zheng He • Effects • Commercial Rev. = mercantilism, new business practices • Emerging middle class • Age of Exploration • Renaissance

  40. Bubonic Plague (1350) • Brought by fleas on rats from China • Kills 1/3 pop. Of Europe • Economic decline

  41. Renaissance • 1300s-1600s • Cause: Rise in global trade, middle class • Effects: • Humanism = focus on human potential and achievement • Artistic achievement = Michelangelo, daVinci • Literary achievement = Shakespeare, Machiavelli • Printing Press (Gutenberg) leads to rise in # of books, rise in literacy, ideas spread quickly • Questioning spirit

  42. Reformation • 1500s- 1600s • Questioning of traditional authority • Causes • Sale of indulgences • Priests acting like kings • Martin Luther’s 95 Thesis • Printing press

  43. Effects • New Christian denominations • End of religious unity/Holy Roman Empire • Decrease in Church power/rise of kings • Catholic/Counter Reformation = RCC try to stop people from leaving

  44. Ancient African Civilizations • Traditional Animistic beliefs • Artwork reflects religious beliefs • Ghana, Mali, Songhai CONTROL GOLD SALT TRADE • Mansa Musa • King of Mali • Traveled to Mecca • Built mosques, spread Islam in Africa

  45. Mesoamerica • Maya = Central America/ Southern Mex. • Aztec = Central Mex. (Tenochitlan) • Inca = Peru, Chile (Cuzco) • Built roads, bridges, step farming to overcome mountains • Polytheistic, human sacrifices (except Inca) to worship sun god

  46. Age of Exploration • Spain & Portugal = leaders • Individuals: Vasco da Gama, Columbus, Cortez, Pizarro • Causes: • 3 G’s • Seek new trade routes to Asia • Find natural resources • New navigational technology and weapons • Gain power

  47. Effects: • Discovery of new lands • Columbian Exchange = spread of disease, new foods • Establishment of colonies = inhumane treatment of natives, mercantilism, Spanish social structure • Atlantic Slave Trade

  48. Age of Absolutism • Absolutism = rulers w/ complete power over the people • Phillip II of Spain • Religious persecution • Louis XIV (France) • Palace of Versailles • Religious persecution • Peter the Great (Russia) • westernization

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