Computer And Network Support Specialist (CNSS)

1. Computer And Network Support Specialist (CNSS) Consult America Technology Consulting Services

2. Fundamentals of Computers • Operating System • Software Development Environment

3. Fundamentals of Computers What is computer? • A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed. It is made of two components: • Hardware: Computer hardware is any physical device used in or with your machine like disks, disk drives display screens, keyboards, printers, boards and chips. • Software: It is untouchable. software is a collection of code installed onto your computer's hard drive; it is intangible. • Software and hardware needs each other to full fill their potential. One cannot perform its function without the other.

4. Fundamentals of Computers • Hardware: the tangible, physical equipment that can be seen and touched such as: • Computer Case • Monitor • Keyboard and Mouse • Disk Drive • Speakers • Software: the intangible set of instructions that tells the computer what to do; known as programs or software programs.

5. Fundamentals of Computers - Hardware

6. Fundamentals of Computers - Primary operation of Computer The four basic operations: Input-entering data into the computer • Keyboard • Mouse • Microphone • Touch screen Processing- performing operation on the data • Motherboard • RAM • Processor • Power supply • VGA Card Output- presenting the result • Monitor • Printer • Headphones • Speaker • Projector Storage- saving data, programs, and output results • USB • DVD • Hard disk drive

7. Fundamentals of Computers- The relationship between hardware andsoftware The operating system (OS) is the interface between user and machine. It is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.

8. Fundamentals of Computers -Operating System • Operating system converts AC current to DC current. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. • Types Operating System: • MS: Windows XP, Win 7, 8, 10 • Apple: Apple Macintosch • Unix/Linux: Ubuntu - MS: Windows 2003, 2008 • Unix: IBM AIX, Oracle Solaris - Mainframe System Client TypeOS: Server TypeOS:

10. Fundamentals of Computers - I/O Connectors and Ports I/O (input/output)Connectors and Ports: I/O ports and connectors are the gateways through which the system communicates with external devices such as keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer and other peripheral devices,… The most common I/O ports and connectors on ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) motherboard are: Video Connector, USB connectors, keyboard and mouse connectors (PS/2), Parallel port connector, Serial connector, Ethernet connector, …

11. Fundamentals of Computers- Serial and Parallel Ports • Used to connect our peripheral devices to the computer; usually one serial and one parallel port on a computer. • Serial devices transmit data one bit at a time. • A modem may be connected to this port. • Parallel devices transfer several bits at a time. • A printer may be connected to this port. • The main difference between a serial and parallel port is the way information is communicated. • A parallel port is only able to transfer information from the hard drive, while a serial port can transfer information both to and from a hard drive.

12. Fundamentals of Computers– Computer Ports

13. Fundamentals of Computers– USB Connector/Ports: Universal Serial Bus (USB ) is used to connect a computer with keyboard, mouse, flash drives, external hard drives, printer, digital cameras, and other external devices. Mostcommon USBplug USBlogo Asthebelowtableshowsthedatatransferspeedishighlyimproved from USB 1.1 to USB3.1

14. Fundamentals of Computers- Central Processing Unit (CPU) CPU(Central Processing Unit) processes instructions that it gathers from decoding the code in programs and other such files. A CPU has four primary functions: fetch, decode, execute, and store.

15. Fundamentals of Computers- CPU Functions • Fetch- In the first step, the CPU retrieves the instruction that it needs to run from program memory. Each instruction in a program (which contains millions of instructions) is stored at a specific address. The CPU has a program counter, which keeps track of the CPU’s position in the program – more specifically, the address of the instruction that the CPU is accessing. • Decode- For this step, it’s important to know that no matter what code a program is written in, the compiler for that specific language breaks the code down to Assembly Language. Assembly language is a language that the CPU understands, but may vary between different CPUs. From there on, an “˜assembler’ translates Assembly Language into binary code, which the CPU can manipulate to execute the instructions it is given.

16. Fundamentals of Computers- CPU Functions • Execute - Based on the instructions it is given, the CPU can then do one of three things: 1) Using its Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), the CPU can calculate extremely complicated mathematical functions; 2) Move data from one memory location to another; 3) Jump to different addresses in the program based on decisions made by the CPU itself.

17. Fundamentals of Computers- CPU Functions • Store- Typically, each of the actions taken by the CPU produces some sort of output. The CPU takes this output and writes it into the computer’s memory. • For example, if a program wanted to execute the first item of the list above on two operands, 3 and 5, the output, 8, would be written back into a specific address. However, for the 3rd bullet, the program counter (which, as stated above, is used to keep track of the CPU’s progress through a program) simply changes to reflect the start of the next set of instructions. • When these four steps have been completed, the Program Counter moves onto the next instruction and repeats the entire process again, until the termination of the program.

18. Fundamentals of Computers - CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU (Central Processing Unit): In the CPU, the primary components are the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) that performs mathematical, logical, and decision operations, and the CU (Control Unit) that directs all of the processors operations.

19. Fundamentals of Computers - Storage • Hard Disk Storage- at least one hard disk is usually required inside a computer as the "system disk", additional hard disk drives can be located either "internally" inside the main computer case, or connected "externally" as an independent hardware unit. A second internal hard disk is highly recommended where a user regularly works on very large media files

20. Fundamentals of Computers –Types of storage units

21. Fundamentals of Computers - MEMORY Memoryis any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. found on the motherboard; short term and long term. • Random Access Memory (RAM): memory on the motherboard that is short term; where data, information, and program instructions are stored temporarily on a RAM chip or a set of RAM chips. • When the computer is turned off or if there is loss of power, what ever is stored in RAM disappears. • This memory known as the main memory and is considered volatile. • The computer can read from and write to RAM. • Read-Only Memory (ROM): memory on the motherboard that is long term; where the specific instructions that are needed for the computer to operate are stored. • This memory is nonvolatile and your computer can only read from a ROM chip. • The instructions remain on the chip regardless if the power is turned on or off. • Most common is the BIOS ROM; where the computer uses instructions contained on this chip to boot or start the system when you turn on your computer.

22. Fundamentals of Computers – RAM-ROM

23. Fundamentals of Computers– Virtual Memory • Virtual memory is a place in the hard disk which acts as a RAM. The name of the file containing the virtual memory is page file system . • The area of the hard disk that stores the RAM image is called a page file. • It holds pages of RAM on the hard disk, and the operating system moves data back and forth between the page file and RAM .

24. Fundamentals of Computers– Computer Number System • Binary Number System: A computer is an electronic device and its main component is called a “transistor”. While computer working, transistor is either ON or OFF. We transforming is to “1” for “ON” and “0” for “OFF”. • Decimal Number System: The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9.

25. Fundamentals of Computers-Binary & Decimal Number

26. Fundamentals of Computers- Enterprise Application An Enterprise Application is a client–server architecture consist of 3 layers that are developed and maintained as independent modules, most often on separate platforms. (Any application must have 3 layers). The layers include: • Front-end refers to the Intranet interface (internal client) or the Internet interface (www server) which is linked to a user through a web page/browser. The main function of the server is to translate tasks and results to something the user can understand. Ex: Apache Tomcat and Microsoft IIS. • Middleware consists of the application server, which coordinates the application, processes commands makes logical decisions and evaluations, and performs calculations. It also moves and processes data between the two surrounding layers. Ex: IBM web sphere application and Oracle web logic.

27. Fundamentals of Computers - Enterprise Application • Backend consists of the database server, where the information is stored and retrieved from a database or file system. The information is then passed back to the logic tier for processing, and then eventually back to the user. Ex: Oracle (Win, AIX, Linux , Solaris, OS x, HP_UX), MS SQL (only Win) and DB2 (Win, Unix, zOS). 3-Tier Application Network Diagram

28. Operating System -Windows Utilities.Windows has several built-in tools that help to monitor the system and troubleshoot when things go wrong. Some of commonly applied tools will be discussed below: • Task Manager • System Information • Computer Management • Command Line Window

29. Operating System -Task Manager • The Task Manager is an operating system component found in all versions of Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000. • It enables a user to view each of the tasks currently running on the computer, each of the processes, and the overall performance of the computer. • The Task Manager is accessed by pressing Ctrl + Alt + Del on the keyboard and selecting "Task Manager" or "Start Task Manager".

30. Operating System -Task Manager Tabs • Applications-Tab that has been included with all versions of Windows except Windows 8. The Applications tab shows all open programs running on the computer. For most users, this is the tab they visit the most, as it is the tab you'll want to go to when a program has locked up and you need to End Task that program. • Processes-Tab that has been included with all versions of Windows including Windows 8. The Processes tab shows all Windows processes currently running on the computer. In Windows 8, Microsoft combined the Applications and Processes tab into the Processes tab, so in addition to the processes and services, Windows 8 also shows all running programs. • Services-Tab that has been included with all versions of Windows that shows all of the Windows Services currently running on the computer. • Performance-Tab that has been included with all versions of Windows that displays the computers system available system resources including how • Networking-Tab that has been included with all versions of Windows except Windows 8. The Networking tab shows all network traffic happening on the computer this will include any LAN or Wireless networking traffic.

31. Operating System - Task Manager Tabs • Users-Tab that has been included with all versions of Windows. The Users tab shows all the users who are logged into the computer. In Windows 8, the Users tab also shows the processes that each user is running. • App history-A tab introduced with Windows 8 that shows the overall history of each of the Windows 8 Apps that have ran on the computer (not to be confused with the traditional Windows programs). • Startup-A tab introduced with Windows 8 that shows each of the programs that startup each time the computer starts, as well as the impact they have on the computer's load time. From the Startup tab you can also disable the startup programs from this section of Task Manager. • Details-A tab introduced with Windows 8 that gives full details of each of the processes running on the computer.

32. System Information:System Information shows detailed information about many aspects of your system, including hardware resources, driver and application details, Internet settings, and more. You can find at Control Panel > Administrative Tools > System Information or just search for "system" on the Start menu.Computer Management:Computer Management is one of the most useful administrative tool where you can easily access almost all system management utilities in Windows in just a few clicks.Using tools available in Computer Management we can manage our Windows machine. The tools existing in it are:- System Tools /Task Scheduler, Event Viewer, Shared Folders, Local Users and Groups/, Performance, Device Manager, Storage /Disk Management/, Services and Applications /Internet Info, Services, WMI Control/It can be accessed with one of the following: * Click on Start > in search type “Computer Management’ * Str> Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Computer ManagementCommand Line Window:Command Line can be accessed by typing CMD in the search or by click onStart > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt. Operating System

33. Operating System - DISK OPERATING SYSTEMDOS(Disk Operating System) is a non-graphical line-oriented command- or menu-driven operating system, with a relatively simple interface but not overly "friendly" user interface. Theeasiestwaytogetthecommandpromptis: ==> Start > type cmd >enter Acommand Prompt < == For commonly applicable commands, refer to table on next page

34. Operating System - Commands

35. Operating System - DOS Examples DOS Examples For the directory structure shown on next page, we will create folders , and text files using DOS command prompt . We will create the following folders and file names: In ‘C:\’ we will create a folder name ‘T-Smile’ then under this folder, we will create four folders named ‘QTP’, ‘ALM’, ‘CNSS’, and ‘SQL’. Then under each of these folders we will create one text file and one doc file.

36. Operating System - DOS Examples C:\ C:\Lab C:\Lab\QTP C:\Lab\CNSS C:\Lab\ALM C:\Lab\SQL C:\Lab\QTP\QTP_File1.txt C:\Lab \ALM\ALM_File1.txt C:\Lab \CNSS\CNSS_File1.txt C:\Lab \SQL\SQL_File1.txt C:\Lab \SQL\SQL_File2.doc C:\Lab \QTP\QTP_File2.doc C:\Lab \ALM\ALM_File2.doc C:\Lab \CNSS\CNSS_File2.do

37. Operating System - Creating Directory (Folders) • Tocreateafolder‘T-Smile’underc:\ • IfthecmdlineisshowingatdifferentlocationthanC:\thenchangethedirectorytoC:\byusingcd..command C:\md T-Smile then click Enter This will make a directory (create a folder) named ‘T-Smile’. Then type==> • To create folders ‘QTP’, ‘ALM’, ‘CNSS’, ‘SQL’ under a folder name ‘T-Smile’, first you have to change the directory to the created folder name ‘T-Smile’. To do this use cd command and type as below : ==> C:\cd T-Smile ==> to create folders QTP, ALM, CNSS, SQL type as follows: ==> C:\T-Smile\md QTP : . . etc ---------------------- • To delete a folder ==> RD/S/Q “full path”

38. Operating System - Creating Files • To create text and doc files under each folder, you have to change the directory each time depending on which folder you want to create your files or folders. • To create text file and doc files, use ‘copy con’ command and control z (^Z) and on each file name, type the format type i.e ‘.txt’ or ‘.doc’. ==> C:\T-Smile\QTP copy con QTP_File1.txt ‘This is QTP_File1.txt’ ^Z ==> C:\T-Smile\QTP copy con QTP_File2.doc ‘This is QTP_File2.doc’ ^Z Type similarly to create files in folders, ALM, CNSS, and SQL

39. Operating System - Copying Files • To copy a single file from one folder to another one: Example to copy ‘QTP_FIle1.txt’ from folder QTP to ALM: ==> C:\copy c:\T-Smile\QTP\QTP_File1.txt c:\T-Smile\ALM • To copy all files from one folder to another: Example to copy all files in QTP folder to ALM folder ==> C:\xcopy c:\T-Smile\QTP c:\T-Smile \ALM \/s/e When xcopy is used it copies all files in folder QTP to ALM. The /s is to copy sub directories and /e is for empty. • To rename a file name : ==> C:\rename c:\T-Smile\QTP\QTP_File1.txt QTP_File1_modified.txt

40. Operating System -REGISTRY • System Registry is a database which Windows OS’s use to store information about the computer configuration. • The registry keeps the data to which a Windows OS refers when operating: • users’ profiles;  • information about the installed programs and types of documents created by each program;  • properties of folders and program icons;  • configuration of drivers installed in the OS;  • info about the used ports. • The registry has a hierarchical tree structure which consists of sections, subsections (the left part of the registry editor window) and the keys (this is what we see on the right, when we highlight a registry section or subsection).

41. Operating System -REGISTRY • When editing/changing the system registry, follow the recommendations below:  • Before adding changes to the registry, always backup the section or subsection you are going to edit  • Do not substitute the Windows XP registry by the registry of a different version of a Windows or Windows NT OS • never leave the registry editor window open without supervision • In some cases to disinfect an infected computer and\or to resolve the consequences of the computer infection the system registry of Windows OS installed should be changed/ edited. • In order to open the system registry, do the following:  • go to Start • click Run • in the Open field enter REGEDIT • click the OK button

42. Operating System - Event Viewer • The Windows Event Viewer shows a log of application and system messages – errors, information messages, and warnings • The Event Viewer can actually be helpful if you’re having a problem with your computer – for example, if your computer is blue-screening or randomly rebooting, the Event Viewer may provide more information about the cause. • For example, an error event in the System log section may inform you which hardware driver crashed, which can help you pin down a buggy driver or a faulty hardware component. Just look for the error message associated with the time your computer froze or restarted – an error message about a computer freeze will be marked Critical.

43. Operating System -Event Viewer • In all versions of Windows, use keyboard shortcut WINDOWS KEY+R to open Run dialog. Or open Start menu and click Run. Type eventvwr.msc and click OK.

44. Operating System -Performance Monitor • Performance Monitor provides a visual display of built-in Windows performance counters, either in real time or as a way to review historical data. You can add performance counters to Performance Monitor by dragging and dropping, or by creating custom Data Collector Sets. • It features multiple graph views that enable you to visually review performance log data. You can create custom views in Performance Monitor that can be exported as Data Collector Sets for use with performance and logging features.

45. Operating System -What is E-mail Client and Server • An email client is an application that is used to read, write and send email. In simple terms it is the user interface to the email system. • A mail server is an application that receives email from email clients or other mail servers. It is the workhorse of the email system. • A mail server usually consists of a storage area, a set of user definable rules, a list of users and a series of communication modules.

46. Operating System - Post office protocol- POP3 • POP3 is a simple, standardized method of delivering e-mail messages. • A POP3 mail server receives e-mails and filters them into the appropriate user folders. • When a user connects to the mail server to retrieve his mail, the messages are downloaded from mail server to the user's hard disk. • When you configure your e-mail client, such as Outlook (Windows) or Mail (Mac OS X), you will need to enter the type of mail server your e-mail account uses. • This will typically be either a POP3 or IMAP server. IMAP mail servers are a bit more complex than POP3 servers and allow e-mail messages to be read and stored on the server.

47. Operating System-IMAP • Internet Message Access Protocol, a protocol for retrieving e-mail messages. • With IMAP4, you can search through your e-mail messages for keywords while the messages are still on mail server. You can then choose which messages to download to your machine. • IMAP provides the most flexibility. Users can store their messages locally and have it synchronized with the server. In addition, IMAP lets multiple users access the same mailbox simultaneously.

48. Operating System - IMAP

49. Operating System-IP Address • Internet Protocol Address (or IP Address) is an unique address that computing devices use to identify itself and communicate with other devices in the Internet Protocol network. • Any device connected to the IP network must have an unique IP address within its network. • The traditional IP Addresses (IPv4) uses a 32-bit number to represent an IP address, and it defines both network and host address.

50. Operating System-IP Address