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Guidelines for Environmental Sustainability for the ICT Sector. Sustainable Services. Keith Dickerson & Dave Faulkner Directors, Climate Associates Ltd.
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Guidelines for Environmental Sustainability for the ICT Sector Sustainable Services Keith Dickerson & Dave Faulkner Directors, Climate Associates Ltd Contributors: BBC, BT, Climate Associates, EBU, Imperial College, ITU, Microsoft, PE International AG, Telefónica, Thomson Reuters, Vodafone Ghana, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (Pisa), GHG Management Institute (GHGMI)/ ClimateCHECK
Sustainable Services • Providing both best practices and a checklist. • Users of checklist will be designers of services and organizations involved in marketing, transmission and use of services. • To increase awareness of GHG emissions and impact of introduction and use of a service (e.g. increase or decrease of carbon footprint). • To record measures taken to minimize GHG impact of service. • Key consideration is switch from one system to another and its consequences for the carbon economy (e.g. TV programmes delivered by broadcast network versus download via telecoms network).
International Standards • BSI PAS 2050: “Specification for assessment of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services” • ITU-T Rec L.1410 “Methodology for environmental impact assessment of ICT goods, networks and services” • ITU-T Rec L.1420 “Methodology for energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions impact assessment of ICT in organizations”
Definition of a Service Has ‘tangible’ and ‘intangible’ elements: • activity performed on a consumer-supplied tangible product (e.g. automobile to be repaired); • activity performed on a consumer-supplied intangible product (e.g. income statement needed to prepare a tax return); • delivery of an intangible product (e.g. delivery of information in context of knowledge transmission); • creation of ambience for consumer (e.g. in hotels and restaurants); • software consists of information and is generally intangible. Use phase specifically includes provision of service.
Questions • How to apportion energy used by a platform (e.g. circuit switch, packet switch or broadcast network)? • How does energy required grow to meet expected demand (e.g. increasing number of users for a new service, file to download or stream)? • How do alternative solutions for service delivery compare on carbon emissions?
Categories of services • Telecommunications services: • voice, video and data services, • interactive services (e.g. telephony, text, web-based and IPTV), • on-demand services. • Broadcast services: • analogue/digital, satellite, terrestrial and point to multi-point. • Software services: • cloud and server/data center services.
How Green is VoIP? • In c/s VoIP systems with always-on hardphones, total power consumed is dominated by consumption of hardphone – typically 5W. • PSTN typically uses 0.3W for line card + 0.05W per handset, so average power per PSTN line is 0.34W. • Therefore, basic PSTN is 5-10 times more energy efficient than VoIP. • However, many users have cordless handsets which typically consume 3W including charger. • Therefore, energy consumption of VoIP and PSTN are comparable.
Best Practice • If user does not have a broadband service, then using PSTN is most carbon efficient solution. • If country has PSTN with capability to serve all users, then all users should use PSTN as most carbon efficient solution. • If country scales back PSTN to match actual use, then all broadband users should use VoIP as lowest carbon solution. • If 20% of lines are voice only, it would save GHG emissions to close down PSTN and give all customers broadband for voice. • For voice only users, a network PSTN to VoIP conversion would be best solution overall, as this saves on new CPE (embodied carbon) for those users.
(UK) Digital TV Switchover • Changeover from analogue to digital TV distribution will raise emissions initially by 10W per user: +200MW overall. • Total ERP of broadcasters will reduce by 75%: -60MW overall. • As TVs are replaced by more efficient sets with integrated digital tuner, emissions will drop to +40MW overall.
Cloud: Best Practices • When enterprises switch to the Cloud, their redundant on-premise servers must be switched-off. • Applications need to consider small/micro sized firms: • Nearly 60% of the savings potential relates to small/micro sized firms. • Energy mix has more impact than Power Use Effectiveness (PUE): • Where a Cloud data center is located is more important than overall efficiency of data center (measured by its PUE) - a cleaner energy source will deliver better carbon savings than investing in efficiency.
More information • Contact: Dave Faulkner: davewfaulkner@googlemail.com • Contact: Cristina Bueti: greenstandards@itu.inthttp://www.itu.int/ITU-T/climatechange/ess/index.html • Columbia Study on VoIP: www.cs.columbia.edu/~salman/publications/greenvoip-gn10.pdf • Ofcom Study on Digital Switchover: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/tv-research/cost_power.pdf • BBC Study on DTTV vs VoD: http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP189.pdf