1 / 24

Wednesday September 18

Wednesday September 18. Stamp and Review Homework Notes on Carbon Compounds Start work on Chapter 2 Vocabulary Homework : Complete Test Review TEST NEXT CLASS OVER: Lab Safety, Characteristics of Living Things, Levels of Organization, the Microscope, and Ecology. Monday September 23.

dunn
Download Presentation

Wednesday September 18

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Wednesday September 18 • Stamp and Review Homework • Notes on Carbon Compounds • Start work on Chapter 2 Vocabulary Homework: Complete Test Review TEST NEXT CLASS OVER: Lab Safety, Characteristics of Living Things, Levels of Organization, the Microscope, and Ecology

  2. Monday September 23 • Stamp and Review Homework • Notes on Carbon Compounds • Work on Chapter 2 Vocabulary Homework: • Complete Carbon Compounds Activity • Complete Chapter 2 Vocabulary

  3. Section 2.3 Carbon Compounds

  4. Organic Chemistry • Organic Chemistry- Study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

  5. I. Chemistry of Carbon • Characteristics of Carbon: 1. Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons 2. Each electron can join with an electron from another atom to form a strong covalent bond 3. Carbon can bond with many elements such as • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Phosphorus • Sulfur • Nitrogen SPONCH

  6. Characteristics of Carbon 4. Carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms forming chains that are almost unlimited in length (macromolecules) 5. Carbon-carbon bonds can be • Single (C-C) • Double (C=C) • Triple (C C)

  7. Characteristics of Carbon • Chains of carbon can even form rings • No other element has the versatility as carbon!

  8. Macromolecules Macromolecules- large molecules made from 1000s or 100s of 1000s smaller molecules • Made by a process of polymerization • Made of smaller units called monomers joined together to form polymers (the monomers can be identical or different!)

  9. Organic compounds or biomolecules are classified into 4 groups: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins

  10. 1. Carbohydrates • Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy and structural purposes • The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose (C6H12O6) supplies immediate energy for all cell activity

  11. 1. Carbohydrates • Extra sugar is stored as complex carbohydrates known as starches • Monosaccharide- single sugar molecules such as glucose, galactose (milk), and fructose (fruits) • Disaccharide-two monosaccharides linked together

  12. Polysaccharide-many monosaccharides joined together Ex. Glycogen- animal starch released from your liver when glucose in blood runs low Cellulose- plant starch which is tough and flexible. Major component of wood and paper

  13. 2. Lipids Lipids- fats, oils, and waxes • Compounds made mostly from carbon and hydrogen • NOT soluble in water! • Used to store energy

  14. 2. Lipids • Serves an important role in biological membranes and waterproof coverings • Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids

  15. 2. Lipids • Saturated-carbon atom in a lipids fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond (maximum number of hydrogens!) • Unsaturated- at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid (ex. Olive oil) • Polyunsaturated- fatty acids contain more than one double bond (ex. Cooking oils such as corn, sesame, canola and peanut oils)

  16. 3. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids- Macromolecules that contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus • Nucleotide- individual monomer consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G)

  17. 3. Nucleic Acids • Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a nucleic acid • Nucleic acids store and transmit heredity or genetic information • DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid (sugar=deoxyribose) • RNA-ribonucleic acid (sugar = ribose)

  18. 4. Proteins • Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Monomers are called amino acids • Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end

  19. 4. Proteins • There are more than 20 different amino acids found in nature • Amino acids are joined by covalent bonds • The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA

  20. 4. Proteins 1. Proteins have a specific role • Control rate of reactions (enzymes) • Regulate cell processes (hormones) • Transport substances into or out of cells • Help fight disease (antibodies) • Form bones and muscles

  21. 4. Proteins 2. Proteins may have up to 4 levels of organization 1st- sequence of amino acids in a protein chain 2nd- amino acids can be twisted or folded 3rd- chain is folded * Van der Waal’s forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain the shape of the protein

  22. III. Enzymes Enzymes- biological catalysts that cells use to speed up chemical reactions within a cell • Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy • Activation Energy- the amount of energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction • Most enzymes work best at a certain pH and certain temperatures

  23. Enzymes • Enzymes play essential roles in • Regulating chemical pathways • Making materials that cells need • Releasing energy • Transferring information

  24. Red = without enzyme Green = with enzyme

More Related