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Land Reform and Poverty Reduction

9 March 2006. ICARRD STS Presentation. 2. The presentation investigates the land policies of ten countriesArmeniaBoliviaBrazilEgyptEthiopiaNamibiaThe PhilippinesUzbekistanVietnamZimbabweThe work was done for UNDP's Bureau of Development PolicyThe investigation is both comparative and an

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Land Reform and Poverty Reduction

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    1. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 1 Land Reform and Poverty Reduction A Haroon Akram-Lodhi Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands

    2. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 2 The presentation investigates the land policies of ten countries Armenia Bolivia Brazil Egypt Ethiopia Namibia The Philippines Uzbekistan Vietnam Zimbabwe The work was done for UNDP’s Bureau of Development Policy The investigation is both comparative and analytical

    3. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 3 In the countries, there has been: modest but significant achievements in redistributive land reform in Brazil, the Philippines and Zimbabwe the establishment of peasant family farming in Armenia and Vietnam as a result of diverse strategies by state and civil society actors There has also been: comparative stasis in Bolivia, Ethiopia and Namibia a comparative retreat from the gains of redistributive land reform in Egypt and Uzbekistan again as a result of diverse strategies by state and civil society actors

    4. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 4 Four comparative themes emerge: 1. Neo-liberal globalization A previous emphasis on building the home market has been replaced by the doctrines of comparative advantage, international interdependence and a ‘level playing field’

    5. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 5 This context has shaped the re-emergence of land reform in the 21st century the collapse of the Soviet Union the potential role of land reform in constructing political stability, especially in South Africa the need for access to land by agro-food transnationals and local capitalists the failure of neo-liberalism in developing and transition economies the lack of a supply response the rediscovery of the inverse relationship the need for private property rights the need to build markets

    6. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 6 2. Land and agrarian production Barring Armenia and Ethiopia, processes of neo-liberal re-enclosure of land are witnessed, but subject to substantial differences Re-enclosure reconfigures a ‘bifurcated’ agrarian structure one sub-sector: export oriented, more capital intensive, with linkages to TNCs but less extensive domestic forward and backward linkages one sub-sector: more diverse domestic production, more labour intensive, with more extensive forward and backward linkages, but not homogenous

    7. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 7 Three phenomena are witnessed: expanded commodification to promote exports to promote productivity and profits de-agrarianization expanded privatization Thus, significant trajectories of variation within similar processes of agrarian transformation

    8. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 8 3. Agrarian accumulation Export-driven Brazil and Vietnam: asymmetrical but important complimentary linkages between two production sub-sectors Bolivia, Egypt, Namibia, the Philippines, Uzbekistan and Zimbabwe: significantly weaker linkages between two production sub-sectors Deepening inequality in all 10 cases The impact of accumulation on poverty negligible, with the exception of Vietnam

    9. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 9 4. Rural politics The transformation of everyday politics into collective action goes the furthest in Bolivia, Brazil and the Philippines, although elsewhere collective action does take place The character of the rural elite differs in these 3 cases The role of the state differs in these 3 cases

    10. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 10 Thus: the 10 case studies demonstrate a set of common themes, in that neo-liberal re-enclosure alters rural production, affects accumulation, and politics The common themes are embedded within substantive diversity and differential trajectories of variation

    11. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 11 Thus, we have a perspective on the role of agriculture in modern economic development that emerges from the comparative analysis transnational capital dominates the reshaping of world agriculture in an era of neo-liberal globalization within this, national differences still matter the resolution of the constraints to agrarian development in large developing and transition economies would facilitate increased global accumulation In many small developing and transition economies, transnational capital does not care about the rural economy, but there remain stark contradictions between local capital, the state and peasant classes that can only be resolved by developing the productive forces

    12. 9 March 2006 ICARRD STS Presentation 12 Thus, internal and international dynamics interact to promote the global deepening of capitalist relations of production even as national specifics—including the possibility of disarticulated development—remain The development of the forces and relations of production are shaped by and shape each other, and, in this interactive process, the critical variable is the balance of forces, locally, nationally, and internationally, between capital and labour

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