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Ch. 1 -The Meeting of Cultures: Pages 9 – 21 : Europe looks westward. Causes of Exploration Columbus Spanish explorers/ Columbian exchange. Reasons for Exploration. Europe recovers after the Black Death Increase in commerce so need for new markets for goods and raw materials Nationalism
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Ch. 1 -The Meeting of Cultures:Pages 9 – 21: Europe looks westward Causes of Exploration Columbus Spanish explorers/ Columbian exchange
Reasons for Exploration • Europe recovers after the Black Death • Increase in commerce so need for new markets for goods and raw materials • Nationalism • Mercantilism – seizing gold, silver and other raw materials for your country • Portuguese were the first to explore
Spain and England p.17 Spain England Both Thought They were Better Than Native Americans
The Explorers/Conquistadors:Page 13 Map • Columbus Bahamas, S. America • Cortes Aztecs in Mexico • Pizarro Incas in Peru • de Soto through Florida west of Mississippi
Three periods of Spanish Exploration • Age of Discovery – beginning with Columbus first two decades of sixteenth century • Age of the Conquistadors – Spanish military used to control lands once ruled by natives (helped by smallpox) • 1570’s – Ordinances of Discovery- laws that banned brutal military conquests
Columbus: page 11 • Has recently become controversial • First landed on island of Hispaniola • He thought he had reached Asia • Believed he was fulfilling a divine mission
Columbus encounters natives • Spain claims New World for themselves on the basis of Columbus’ discoveries • Enslave Indians • Smallpox devastates Arawaks
The Conquistadors: Ruthless Cortes • “God saw fit to send the Indians smallpox.” • Cortez conquers the Aztecs but not without a fight. • But smallpox is what caused the Aztecs decline
Spanish America • Spain establishes an unsuccessful settlement in St. Augustine, Fl • They were more successful in the Southwest, where they converted many Pueblo Indians to Christianity, although they also exploited the Indians • Spanish finally realized that they could not be in constant conflict with the native and they did allow some rights for the Pueblos
Results of cultural contactThe Columbian Exchange:Biological and Cultural Exchange • Resulted in dramatic change for both European and Indian cultures • Some were beneficial and some were catastrophic
1. Diseases from the Old World • Smallpox, influenza, measles • Millions of Indians died • Some native tribes extinct within 50 years
2.Systematic destruction of Native American culture • Spanish destroyed temples, monuments • Destroyed documents and records • Killed the leaders, scholars and priests of Indian societies
3. Europeans introduce new crops and livestock • Sugar, bananas • Livestock • Most importantly, the horse! • Horse became central to many tribes • http://www.imh.org/imh/kyhpl2b.html • Read “Return to the New World”
4. Natives teach Europeans new farming techniques/ new crops • Indian foods like corn, squash, pumpkins, beans, sweet potatoes and peppers found their way back to Europe • More important than the gold and silver Spain sought
5. Culture from Europe • Indians adopted European languages but mixed them with their own • Mixed Christianity with their own religions
6. Intermarriage between Europeans and Indians • Mestizos • Single European men wed Indian women • Not always voluntary marriages • Mestizos became part of a socially stratified society .
