Evolution - Test Review, Lamarck vs Darwin, Natural Selection, and Evidence

1. PLEASE TURN OFF AND PUT AWAY YOUR CELL PHONES • This review is available online • Today • TEST REVIEW • EVOLUTION VIDEO OR COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE/BOOK QUESTIONS • QUIZ MAKEUPS

2. Bonus Test Review

3. Lamark vs Darwin -Lamarkbelieved in evolution by acquired trait (traits gained during an organisms life were passed to offspring) – disproven (Giraffes got long necks over time by stretching towards tall trees) -

4. -Darwin believed in evolution by natural selection (Giraffes born with longer necks had a higher fitness than giraffes with short necks) Published book On the Origin of species Where he made many of his important observations Galapagos Islands

5. Define the word • Change over time within a species • Evolution • The likelihood that an organism will survive and reproduce • Fitness • Traits developed during an organism’s life that cannot be passed on to offspring • Acquired traits • A trait that gives an organism a survival advantage in its environment • Adaptation (warm/white fur and fat on polar bear; long beaked birds in areas of long flowers) • Remember, organism’s do not choose their adaptation. If an organism has an existing adaptation that makes it more fit, it will become more common in the environment

6. Below are the characteristics of 4 cheetahs. Which cheetah has the highest fitness and WHY? Which has the lowest fitness? Cheetah B is most fit b/c it produced the most offspring that reached reproductive age. Cheetah C is the least fit because it produced the fewest offspring that reached reproductive age

7. NATURAL SELECTION Reproduction Inherited traits Random mutation Variation Adaptations Mismatch with Environment Survival Death; no offspring

8. How evolution happens 1) Overproduction 2) Competition for limited resources 3) Variation 4) Natural Selection (Survival of the Fittest) and Heredity

9. 1) OVERPRODUCTION • ORGANISMS OFTEN PRODUCE MORE OFFSPRING THAN WILL SURVIVE • Some fish lay millions of eggs. Though most will not survive, this high number ensures that a few will.

10. 2. COMPETITION – Too many organisms  fight for available resources;This impacts evolution, b/c the most fit will survive and reproduce

11. Variation –Differences in members of the same species Sexual Reproduction Mutation AAT  AGT

14. NOTE: THE BEETLES DID NOT CHANGE FROM GREEN TO ORANGE. ALLELE FOR ORANGE BEETLES WAS ALREADY IN THE POPULATION. THE ORANGE COLOR BECAME MORE COMMON OVER TIME BECAUSE IT INCREASED FITNESS (SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION)

15. How did Natural Selection affect the Peppered Moth as the environment changed? Peppered Moth Simulation http://peppermoths.weebly.com/

16. What best explains the results of the graph? • In a population of moths, there was variation in color (some light and some dark). In a darker forest, the darker colored moths had a higher fitness and were more likely to survive and reproduce.

17. VESTIGIALORGANS HOMOLOGOUS ORGANS EMBRYO SIMILARITIES EVIDENCES OF MACROEVOLUTION BIOCHEMICAL SIMILARITIES (DNA & AMINO ACIDS) FOSSIL EVIDENCE

18. Remember – we are examining the same evidence Sometimes there’s more than one interpretation We are studying the evolutionary explanation The Footprint mystery

19. Put the layers in order from youngest to oldest • R, M, F, B • Type of dating technique where fossils are dated based on their relationship to each other (older fossils are deeper) • Ans = Relative Dating

20. Carbon half life = 5000 years. If a specimen was found with 1/8 of the original isotope, it would be how old (hint: 3 half lives)? • Ans = 15,000 years old (3 HALF LIVES X 5000 years) • Time it takes for half of the isotope to decay = • Half-Life • Type of dating method where radioactive isotopes are used • RADIOACTIVE DATING

21. 1 half-life 2 million years old Fossil 2 half-lives 4 million years old 3 half-lives 6 million years old = A = B The half-life of this element A is 2 million years. During this time, half of element A decays into element B. Based on this, how old is the fossil? DETERMINE HOW MANY HALF LIVES HAVE OCCURRED (3). MULTIPLY BY THE TIME OF 1 HALF-LIFE (2 MILLION YEARS) . 3x2 MILLION = 6 MILLION YEARS

22. – Similar structure, different function - possibly originated from a common ancestor Homologous Structures Examples of these structures? Human hand, bat wing, whale flipper (similar structure and theorized ancestry, but different functions now) Whale flipper

23. Homologous/Analogous/Vestigial? Homologous – same structure; different function; might be from a common ancestor

24. Similar function but no relationshipInsect wing, bird wing, bat wing • Analogous • Examples of these? • Wing of bird Bat, Insect • Streamlined bodies and swimming structures of dolphins, sharks, and penguins

25. Homologous/Analogous/Vestigial? Analogous – same function; different structure; NOT from a common ancestor

26. VESTIGIAL Serve a different or reduced function in modern organism (tailbone, appendix) • Considered LEFTOVERS– The appendix is considered the remnants of the cecum (which plays an important role in digestion in some animals)

27. Homologous/Analogous/Vestigial? Vestigial – Different or reduced function in modern organism; may have functioned at one time

28. Embryology • More closely related organisms pass through more similar stages of embryonic development

29. THE MOST IMPORTANT EVIDENCE USED TODAY =. • DNA AND PROTEIN ANALYSIS • Organisms with more similar DNA and amino acid sequences are thought to be more closely related

30. Which 2 organisms are most closely related based on the DNA sequence? The Red Panda and Raccoon have only 2 DNA bases different in this DNA sequence

31. Organisms with fewer differences (in amino acids or DNA sequences) – are thought to be more closely related! Which is more closely related to a human – a bullfrog or a cow? Why? Cow – has fewer differences in amino acid sequence of this protein (10) compared to bullfrog (20)

32. 6TH PERIOD BRING BOOKS TOMORROW FOR A POST-TEST ASSIGNMENT • Please be on time and ready to take your test (will be on your desk as you enter) – Pep rally schedule • COMPLETE YOUR STUDY GUIDE – TURN IN WHEN FINISHED • COMPLETE THE BOOK QUESTIONS – TURN IN WHEN FINISHED • BOTH ASSIGNMENTS ARE DUE TOMORROW AND ARE NOT ACCEPTED LATE

33. STUDY GUIDE AND BOOK QUESTIONS ARE DUE TOMORROW NOT ACCEPTED LATE • PASS BACK STUDY GUIDES • PLEASE BRING BOOKS TO CLASS TOMORROW FOR A POST-TEST ACTIVITY • Watch Evolution Video • BONUS: WRITE DOWN 10 “FACTS” FROM THE VIDEO PERTAINING TO EVOLUTION • Quiz makeups • CELL PHONES SHOULD NOT BE OUT • NO SLEEPING

34. Match the Scientist to their contribution to evolution • CAROLUS LINNAEUS • THOMAS MALTHUS • JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK  • CHARLES LYELL • ALFRED WALLACE • CHARLES DARWIN • Acquired traits are passed to offspring. • Earth’s landscape had changed over a period of time. • Evolution caused by natural selection. • Populations outgrew their food supply, causing a struggle for survival. • Developed a way to classify plants and animals. • Evolution was caused by competition for resources, and developed biogeography.

35. QUIZ REVIEW

36. Match the scientist to their contribution to Evolutionary Theory: • A.LinnaeusB. LamarkC. Darwin D. Wallace • 1.”Father of Evolutionary Theory” who published his work on natural selection in the book the Origin of Species • Darwin • 2. Developed a system of binomial nomenclature, a 2 naming system used to classify every organism • Linnaeus • 3. Proposed that evolution occurred as acquired traits were passed to offspring (i.e. giraffes got longer necks by stretching to reach trees) • Lamark • 4. Believed that competition was a driving force in Evolution; His ideas influenced the “Father of Evolution” to publish his book • Wallace

37. MATCH THE TERM TO THE DESCRIPTION BELOW: • A.NaturalSelection B. Variation C. Adaptation D. Fitness E. Acquired trait F. Overproduction G. Competition • 5. Differences between organisms within a species caused by mutation and sexual reproduction • Variation • 6. Describes an organisms ability to survive and reproduce • Fitness • 7. A trait developed during an organism’s life that cannot be passed to offspring • Aquired • 8. Describes how some organisms make more offspring than will survive to ensure that at least a few survive • Overproduction • 9. Describes how organisms battle for resources, territory, and mates • Competition • 10. An inherited trait that improves an organism’s chance for survival • Adaptation • 11. Describes how organisms with the best traits will survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring • Natural Selection

38. 12. The picture below represents a reptile (Ichtyosaur), mammal (whale), and fish. Though these organisms are not closely related they developed many similar structures over time due to living in a similar environment. These unrelated structures that have similar functions are called: • A)Vestigial B. Homologous C) Analogous D) Embryological • 13. The picture shows the bones of the forelimbs of many mammals. Though these structures now have different functions, they have a similar structure due to a theorized common ancestry. These structures are called: • A)Vestigial B)Homologous • C) Analogous D) Embryological • 14. Carbon 14 has a half-life of roughly 5000 years. During this time, Half of Carbon 14 decays into Nitrogen 14. If a fossil is found that has ¼ the amount of expected Carbon 14 how old is the fossil (hint: after 2 half-lives)? • A) 5000 years old B) 10,000 years old C) 15,000 years old D) 20,000 years old

39. 15. The picture below shows the reduced hind-limbs of a snake. Though the limbs may serve a purpose in reproduction, they have a different function than they may have in a theorized ancestor (walking). These structures are called: • A)Vestigial B)Homologous • C) Analogous D) Embryological • 16. Comparing the depth of fossils in the fossil record • to determine which is older or younger, is called: • A.Relative Dating B. Radioactive Dating • C. DNA Dating D. Embryologic Dating