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THEORY AND REASONING

CHAPTER ONE. QuestionsHow to make a decisionCriticalThinkingSpongePanning for goldWhich is best. . Intelligent Guess = Critical thinkingOpinionEmotionsQuestion presentation not presenterCritical thinkers are always open to changeCritical thinkers able to defend their position. . Critical

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THEORY AND REASONING

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    1. THEORY AND REASONING Yolanda C. Lang, CRNP, Dr.Ph

    2. CHAPTER ONE Questions How to make a decision Critical Thinking Sponge Panning for gold Which is best

    3. Intelligent Guess = Critical thinking Opinion Emotions Question presentation not presenter Critical thinkers are always open to change Critical thinkers able to defend their position

    4. Critical thinkers question all beliefs – own and others Critical thinkers need curiosity and courage

    5. RIGHT QUESTIONS What is the main issue What are the reasons Which phrases are ambiguous What are the value conflicts What are the deceptive assumptions Are fallacies in reasoning

    6. How good is the evidence Are there rival causes Are the statistics deceptive Any significant information omitted What reasonable conclusions are possible

    7. CHAPTER TWO Issue = stimulus for discussion Types of issues Deceptive Prescriptive

    8. Conclusion Message that the presenter wishes to accept Main point Usually inferred Must have support Outcome Thesis Central message

    9. Finding the conclusion Check issue Title Opening paragraph Skim Indicator works Beginning/end paragraph Find a conclusion – not an example Check authors background

    10. Reasons Why hold opinion Beliefs Evidence Metaphors Why accept another viewpoint Why accept conclusions

    11. Argument Have an intent Convince us to believe Call for reaction/action Quality of arguments Two components – conclusion and reason Failure to identify components

    12. Conclusion Does it make sense If so – WHY Indicator words

    13. Reasons Kinds Statement of evidence Facts Weak reason = weak reasoning Check own beliefs Avoid backward reasoning

    14. Chapter four Know meaning of words Know meaning of reasons/conclusions Do NOT presume – same words – different meanings Locate key words/phrases Identify key terms Look for abstract words

    15. What does presenter mean What do you mean Rarely defined Dictionary usage Advertisements Emotional impact

    16. Reader Responsibility Stop clarifying at some point Strive for Clarity Specific criteria Concrete illustrations Know audience

    17. Components of reasoning Key terms/phrases Which key terms are adequately defined Which have different definitions which can change meanings Which are ambiguous within the context of the argument

    18. Chapter five Hidden information might be more important to argument Reason might be true but not supportive of conclusion Certain ideas are taken for granted

    19. Value Assumptions Influence prescriptive arguments What world should be Social issues Important to person or not Same value does not carry same weight in every situation Check background of presenter and audience

    20. Magnitude of consequence effect value preference Controversial issue – value Conflict between welfare of individual and society – value Find own value assumptions

    21. Descriptive Assumptions Why world IS Logically connected What IS Taken for granted connection STRONG basis to accept granted assumptions

    22. Evaluation Connect Logical Supported in world Conclusion incorrect considering reasons Do you know enough about subject to make conclusions about his/her reasoning

    23. Fallacies in reasoning Strenths/weakness of reasoning Acceptability of conclusion Tricks

    24. Common Fallacies Shifting words Hasty generalization Attacking person not reason Name calling Emotional appeals Ad population arguments

    25. Creation of false dilemma Glittering generalization Pet slogans Red herring Assuming perfect solution Changing words

    26. Evidence How good is evidence Is evidence fact or not Is evidence an opinion

    27. Judgment Judgment questions What is the proof Where is the evidence Are you sure it is true How do you know it is true Why do you believe it Can you prove it

    28. Facts/evidence Facts Descriptive conclusions Reasons Descriptive assumptions

    29. Dependable fact Common knowledge Claim as a conclusion Solid evidence

    30. Evidence Intuition Personal observations Examples Statistics Analogies Authorities.

    31. Authority - expert Disagree Wrong Why Direct source Secondary source Bias of presenter Reputation of presenter Guarantees

    32. Personal testimonials

    33. Evidence Personal observation Case studies Very dramatic

    34. Research Studies Verify Stats Multiple observers Laboratory controlled Contradiction Conclusion change over time How controlled is research

    35. Generalization Sample Over Surveys Honest Wording Length Collection

    36. Analogies Not really evidence Check comparisons How similar How different Relevance of above

    37. Rival Cause Different interpretation Most plausible Favorite cause Combination of causes Redo research

    38. Decrease rival causes No financial reward Has control group Extraneous factors controlled Use random assignment Participants do not know outcome

    39. Post Hoc Fallacy If B occurs A must of caused it Check bias Check influence Check consistency with facts

    40. Statistics Numbers Check alarming numbers Average Range Distribution Consistency How obtained Draw own conclusion

    41. Omitted information Limited space/time Limited knowledge Attempt to deceive Presenter values

    42. Omitted clues Check opposite Check reference How facts obtained Any need data omitted Testimonials How presenter benefited

    43. Conclusion

    44. Assumptions Hidden/understated Taken for granted Influential in determining the conclusion Necessary if reasoning is to make sense Potentially deceptive

    45. Chapter One Theory + Knowledge = reasoning

    46. Chapter two Combining Words Relationships between words Theory Knowledge Discipline Phenomena

    47. Ideas Concepts Propositions Hypothesis Assumptions research

    48. Facts Principles Law Models Established theory Speculative theory

    49. Function of knowledge Provision of typology Structural framework Internal consistency Logical progression

    50. Provision of Application process Usual order Identify Relate Understand Explain Predict influence

    51. Answer Questions Identify concepts and existence of relationships to solve problems Determine relevant concepts Understand – grasp significance

    52. Significance Explain Predict Influence Control Stimulate new theory

    53. Nursing Theory Development Different words No connection to existing Theory is future Check language – clear Must make flexible

    54. Nursing research philosophies Modernism Object Deductive Post modernism Human nature Stories experiences

    55. Research types Quantitative Use numerical No researcher influence Decrease bias Use of statistics Descriptive Correlation experimental

    56. Qualitative Systematic Life experience Inductive reasoning Researchers interpretation Grounded Historical philosophical

    57. Reasoning Cognitive Intellectual Critical thinking

    58. Reasoning Deductive Accept as true Large to small Inductive Begin with observation’ Lead to development of larger concepts Abductive Conceptual leap

    59. Influence reasoning Operational definitions Variables assumptions

    60. Reasoning in Nursing Knowledge Skills Values Meanings Experience caring

    61. Theories Grand system (GST) Whole greater than parts Has subsystems Organized toward a goal

    62. Open system (OST) Interactions between systems Interactions between environment Exchange of energy, influence, information and matter

    63. Basic concepts Wholeness Hierarchy Teleology Interaction Entropy Environment Interdisciplinary influence Significance of reasoning

    64. General/open systems theories Stress adaptations Generalized response to stress Physiological/psychological Pleasure/bad

    65. Maslow Physiology Safety/security need Love/belonging Esteem Self-actualization

    66. Erickson Personality development 8 stages of life cycles Developmental tasks

    67. Communication Source Encoder-sender Message Channel or method of sending receiver

    68. Communication models Shannon-Weaver Added concept of noise Leary Model Dominate/submissive Love/hate Berlo Source – message- channel - receiver

    69. Health communication model Relationships Transactions contexts

    70. Change theory Planned Haphazard Calm Chaotic

    71. Change theory Planned Empirical-rational Normative-reeducative Power-coercive Lewins Force Field Unfreezing Moving refreezing

    72. Nursing Theory Influences Regulation of education/practice Federal funds Browns – “Nursing for the future” Scholarly journals

    73. Nursing theory 1850 - 1960 Nightingale Henderson Peplau Johnson

    74. Nursing Theory 1960’s Scholarly advances Schlotfeldt Ellis Theory development Orlando Lewis

    75. 1970’s Scholarly advances Doctoral programs Conceptual frameworks Rogers Roy Orem King Neumann/Newman

    76. 1980’s Scholarly advances Doctoral programs Scholarly journals Theory Parse Leninger Watson Benner and Wrubel

    77. Criterion based critique model Model Three phrases Eight concepts Three sections

    78. Concepts Meaning of theory Boundaries Language Major concepts Propositions Theoretical knowledge Theory influence practice

    79. Phrase one – intent Criterion one Meaning Intent of theory Application Primary/secondary source Title Judgment

    80. #2 Boundaries Interpretation Setting to use in Setting developed in Recipients of care groups Age related Aggregates Health/wellness continuum Acuity of care

    81. Role of nurse Caregiver Care manager Educator Leader Advocate Scientist artist

    82. #3 language Interpretation Clear Consistent helpful to nursing Application Ability to understand Judgment Allow for expansion

    83. # 4 Major Concepts Interpretation Accepted Concepts Unique to discipline Definition Concepts clearly presented Terms are vague

    84. # 4 con’t Application Primary/secondary source Do they agree Select at least two to define

    85. # 5 propositions Interpretation Exciting Stimulated growth and questions Judgment Will it stimulate further growth and questions

    86. # 6 Related to Nursing Interpretation Propositions – identify relationships and direction Derived from observations Two types Cause/effect Coexist Application

    87. # 7 Explain/Predict phenomena Interpretation Connection between theory and practice Evidence Replicate Judgment Own example

    88. # 8 Influence nursing practice Interpretation Use of critical thinking WILL impact nursing Changes in patient care Application Your practice Why do you do what you do

    89. Advanced theory analysis models Barnum Internal criticism External criticism Strengths/limitations Evaluations Fawcett Analysis evaluation

    90. Lorraine Walker and Kay Avant Systematic examination Meaning Logic Usefulness Generality Simplicity testability

    91. Afaf Melesi Comprehensive Analytic evaluation

    92. Skills needed Observation Purposeful Intuition Questioning Compare/contrast

    93. 1990’s Scholarly advances Research center Research priorities Theories Nothing new

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