290 likes | 601 Views
Decomposition. Decomposition. Breakdown of organic matter, recycles nutrients . I mportant for recycling of C and energy, as well as all nutrient elements (N, P, K, etc.). Determines productivity and health of plants. Biotic Decomposition.
E N D
Decomposition • Breakdown of organic matter, recycles nutrients. • Important for recycling of C and energy, as well as all nutrient elements (N, P, K, etc.). • Determines productivity and health of plants.
Biotic Decomposition • Organisms most directly responsible for decomposition are bacteria and fungi. • Biotic processes: • Aerobic respiration • OM + O2 CO2, organic products. • Anaerobic respiration • Use of acceptors other thanoxygen. • Facultative or obligate anaerobes • OM + CO2 CH4 + organic products.
Sequence – Biotic Decomposition Inorganiccompounds Humus Living organisms Deadorganisms Litter OM Detritus
Biotic decomposition • Many organisms are very beneficial in ecosystems, participate in biotic decomposition.
Sequence – Biotic Decomposition Inorganiccompounds Humus Living organisms Deadorganisms Litter OM Detritus Bacteria, fungi Soil chemistry, mineralization Soil Animals
Sequence of Events in Decomposition • Animals speed decomposition: • Break litter into small pieces. • Add products (excretion) to stimulate microbial growth. • Feeding on fungi and bacteria often increases growth rate of these decomposers, since new surface area is exposed to decomposition. • Predators regulate densities of animals that consume bacteria and fungi. • Move decomposers (bacteria, fungi) to new locations.
Measuring Decomposition • Litter bag method.
Decomposition Rates • Decomposition rates vary depending on: • Climate and temperature • Soil organisms present • Aeration of the soil • Composition of the material (C:N ratio) • Etc.– season, tillage
Decomposition Rates • Decomposition rates vary depending on: • Climate and temperature • Soil organisms present • Aeration of the soil • Composition of the material (C:N ratio) • Etc.– season, tillage • Temperature affects decomposition rates (heat units). • Less Organic Matter in warm climates.
Decomposition Rates • Decomposition rates vary depending on: • Climate and temperature • Soil organisms present • Aeration of the soil • Composition of the material (C:N ratio) • Etc.– season, tillage
Decomposition Rates • Decomposition rates vary depending on: • Climate and temperature • Soil organisms present • Aeration of the soil • Composition of the material (C:N ratio) • Etc.– season, tillage • Season: spring = fresh green material; fall = tough residues. • Tillage: aerates soil.
Decomposition Rates • Decomposition rates vary depending on: • Climate and temperature • Soil organisms present • Aeration of the soil • Composition of the material (C:N ratio) • Etc.– season, tillage
C:N ratio • Most important factor influencing the rate of decomposition of OM. • Ratio of amount of carbon to the amount of nitrogen in a substance. • Slower decomposition if C:N ratio is high. • Examples of C:N ratios…..
C:N Ratios of Selected Materials 20:1 for crops
Importance of C:N ratio • With residues with a C:N ratio that is high, there is competition for the limited N available. • If C:N ratio is high: • Only some organisms can decompose (some types of bacteria and fungi, protozoan symbionts of termites). • They use up N quickly, so N becomes tied up and unavailable (immobilized).
Adding organic N to soil Organic N materials decompose, release nitrate. Uptake, leaching,denitrification
Adding organic N to soil Organic N materials decompose, release nitrate. Nitrate used in decomposition process by bacteria, etc.
Adding organic N to soilLow C:N ratio material Decomposition and release of nitrate is fast, levels recover quickly.
Adding organic N to soilHigh C:N ratio material Nitrate release difficult, tied up for a long time. N rob = immobility of N in presence of residues with high C:N ratios.
Importance of C:N Ratio Bacteria free up N Organic N Inorganic N Mineralization Immobilization Bacteria take scarce N for themselves !Nrob
Risky Mix of High and Low C:N • High C:N residue + Inorganic N fertilizer = • N from fertilizer immobilized by bacteria.
Importance of C:N ratio • As C:N ratio goes lower (as it does during decomposition), more organisms (especially fungi, different bacteria types, even some insects) can join in, so decomposition proceeds much faster. • Most insects and other animals join later in the process, as the C:N ratio of their food is low: • E.g., fungi 10:1, decomposed animals 6:1, nematodes 10:1.
Composting • Accelerates decomposition process. • Reduces C:N ratio. • High temperatures – 60-80oC (140-175oF). • Thermophilic bacteria. • Many recipes available.
Practical Application • Farmer incorporates 2560 kg of OM to soil.55% Carbon, C:N ratio = 20:1. • Will there be any available for crop or all immobilized? • 2560 X 0.55 = 1408 kg C1408 / 20 = 70 kg N • Microbes use 75% of C and incorporate 25% in new tissue.C:N ratio of microbe is 8:1, so they require 1 kg N to incorporate 8 kg C in new tissue. • 1408 / 0.25 = 352 kg C used in new tissue. • 352 / 8 = 44 kg N used in new tissue. • 70 – 44 = 26 kg N leftover for uptake by plants.
References • Text, pp. 68-73. • Brady and Weil, 1996. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. • Odum, 1983.