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Environmental Degradation Energy Utilization

Environmental Degradation Energy Utilization. Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University New York, NY September 2003. Energy Sources. Biomass – Firewood Draft animals Wind/water – mills Solar – heat and photovoltaic Fossil carbon – coal, oil, gas, tar & shale Nuclear Energy Fusion.

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Environmental Degradation Energy Utilization

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  1. Environmental DegradationEnergy Utilization Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University New York, NY September 2003

  2. Energy Sources • Biomass – Firewood • Draft animals • Wind/water – mills • Solar – heat and photovoltaic • Fossil carbon – coal, oil, gas, tar & shale • Nuclear Energy • Fusion

  3. Energy Uses • Heat • cooking, metallurgy, chemical products – fertilizers to plastics • Mechanical energy • Transportation, manufacturing, agriculture • Cooling • Desalination • Cleanup

  4. Total Energy Fossil Energy Non Fossil Energy

  5. Energy consumption and wealth 10 billion people trying to consume energy as US citizens do today would raise world energy demand 10 fold

  6. Pollution Issues

  7. Pollution Issues II

  8. Fossil Energy Is Vital to the World Economy

  9. 350 +4 Industrial age CO2 increase 300 +2 0 Temperature Changes (ºC) -2 CO2 (ppmV) -4 250 -6 -8 -10 200 Age (years) Petit et al., Nature 399 Vostok, AntarcticaIce Core data 150 -400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0 Fossil Carbon Accumulates in the Air CO2 increase in the atmosphere accounts for 58% of all fossil CO2 emissions Changes in the industrial age are large on a geological scale Anthropogenic increase of carbon dioxide is well documented for this century.

  10. 8,000 Gt 7,000 Gt 6,000 Gt 5,000 Gt 4,000 Gt 3,000 Gt 4 2,000 Gt 3 2 1,000 Gt 0 Gt 20th Century 20th Century 50,000 Gt ??? Oil, Gas, Tars & Shales Carbon Sources and Sinks       Coal Methane Hydrates 21st Century’s Emissions ??? Scales of Potential Carbon Sinks Soil & Detritus Ocean Atmo-sphere Plants pH < 0.3 2000 1800 constant 39,000 Gt Carbon Resources

  11. Methane Hydrates 10,000 - 100,000 GtC World Fossil Resource Estimate 8000 GtC 5 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times current rate of emission???? 21st century emissions 4 3 2 1 The Mismatch in Carbon Sources and Sinks 1800 - 2000 Fossil Carbon Consumption to date 50% increase in biomass 180ppm increase in the air 30% of the Ocean acidified 30% increase in Soil Carbon

  12. 10 - 30 TeraWatt 2050 of Carbon Neutral Primary Energy

  13. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO2 extraction from air CO2 from concentrated sources Electricity & Hydrogen Biological & Chemical Permanent & safe disposal Underground & Chemical Storage

  14. Hydrogen economy cannot run on electricity There are no hydrogen wells Tar, coal, shale and biomass could support a hydrogen economy. Wind, photovoltaics and nuclear energy cannot.

  15. Energy States of Carbon The ground state of carbon is a mineral carbonate Carbon 400 kJ/mole Carbon Dioxide 60...180 kJ/mole Carbonate

  16. Net Carbonation Reaction for Serpentine Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3CO2(g)  3MgCO3 + 2SiO2 +2H2O(l) heat/mol CO2 = -63.6 kJ Accelerated from 100,000 years to 30 minutes

  17. Magnesium resources that far exceed world fossil fuel supplies

  18. Rockville Quarry

  19. Mineral Disposal of CO2 1 GW Electricity Coal Strip Mine Zero Emission Coal Power Plant 70% Efficiency Coal CO2 4.3 kt/day Mineral Carbonation Plant Earth Moving ~40 kt/day 28 kt/day 36% MgO 11 ktons/day Heat Open Pit Serpentine Mine Sand & Magnesite ~1.4 kt/day Fe ~0.2 kt/day Ni, Cr, Mn ~35 kt/day Mining, crushing & grinding: $7/t CO2 — Processing: $10/t CO2 — No credit for byproducts

  20. CO2 N2 H2O SOx, NOx and other Pollutants  Zero Emission Principle Air Need better sources of oxygen Power Plant Carbon Solid/Liquid Waste

  21. ADVANCED ZERO EMISSION PLANT CONCEPTS

  22. How much wind?(6m/sec) Wind area that carries 10 kW 0.2 m 2 for CO2 80 m 2 for Wind Energy Wind area that carries 22 tons of CO2 per year

  23. 1 m3of Air 40 moles of gas, 1.16 kg wind speed 6 m/s 0.015 moles of CO2 produced by 10,000 J of gasoline Air CO2 Volumes are drawn to scale

  24. Wind Energy v = 6m/s 130 W/m2 Sunshine 200 W/m2 Biomass 3 W/m2 Extraction from Air Power Equivalent from gasoline v = 6 m/s 60,000 W/m2 Areas are drawn to scale

  25. 60m by 50m 3kg of CO2 per second 90,000 tons per year 4,000 people or 15,000 cars Would feed EOR for 800 barrels a day. 250,000 units for worldwide CO2 emissions

  26. CO2 CO2 H2 H2 CH2 Materially Closed Energy Cycles O2 O2 Energy Source Energy Consumer H2O H2O

  27. Air Flow CO2 diffusion Ca(OH)2 as an absorbent • Flux = D/L • D = 1.3910-5m2/s, • diffusion coefficient • L is boundary thickness •  is density of CO2 Ca(OH)2 solution CaCO3 precipitate CO2 mass transfer is limited by diffusion in air boundary layer

  28. Private Sector Carbon Extraction Farming, Manufacturing, Service, etc. Carbon Sequestration Public Institutions and Government guidance Carbon Board certification Permits & Credits Certified Carbon Accounting certificates

  29. Sustainable Development • 1 – 2 billion without any electricity

  30. The Fossil Carbon Pie 600 Gt C Soon Past Distant Future

  31. The Fossil Carbon Pie Past Soon 5000 Gt C Distant Future With Carbon Sequestration

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