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The American Colonies Emerge. 2.4 Settlement of the middle colonies. Main Idea. Essential Question. What elements exist in a Democratic society?. 2.4 – Settlement of the middle colonies.
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The American Colonies Emerge 2.4 Settlement of the middle colonies
Main Idea • Essential Question What elements exist in a Democratic society? 2.4 – Settlement of the middle colonies 13 English colonies were formed in North America, each specializing in different crafts depending on their available resources
Dutch Driven By Competition The English had a settlement at Jamestown, the French settled in Quebec, and the Spanish were developing colonies to exploit trade in South America and the Caribbean. The Netherlands rushed to create a colony of their own to avoid falling behind. In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson was hired by the Dutch West India Company (WIC) to find a northeast passage to Asia. By chance, he discovered the Hudson River for this investors. Hudson reported that he had found a fertile land and an amicable people willing to trade with his crew. The WIC was granted a charter by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on June 3, 1621.In New Netherland, profit was originally to be made from the fur trade.
New Netherlands • New Netherland – • New Amsterdam becomes the capital. The settlement of New Sweden was on its southern flank, while its northern border was abutted by New England. • During its first decades, New Netherland was settled slowly. This led to an open invitation to migrate from anywhere. Residents were not necessarily Dutch, and New Netherland was never a homogeneous society. Though Dutch was the official language, it was one of many spoken there • Their first trading partners were the Algonquian tribe.The Dutch depended on the indigenous population to capture, skin, and deliver pelts to them, especially beaver.
Life in New Netherland Petrus Stuyvesant arrived in New Amsterdam in 1647, the only governor of the colony to be called Director-General. During his governorship, the colony experienced dramatic growth and became a major port for trade in the North Atlantic. Demands were made upon Stuyvesant from all sides: the WIC, the States General, and the New Netherlanders. Dutch territory was being nibbled at by the English to the north and the Swedes to the south, while in the heart of the province the Esopus (Natives from Delaware) were trying to contain Dutch expansion. New Netherlanders grew restless with a government that seemed underprepared to facilitate expansion The founding document of the Dutch Republic stated "that everyone shall remain free in religion and that no one may be persecuted or investigated because of religion". This attitude transferred to New Netherland, which generally was tolerant.
The English Take Over English considered New Netherlands the “Dutch Wedge” between their two colonies of Plymouth and Jamestown. In March 1664, Charles II of England resolved to annex New Netherland and "bring all his Kingdoms under one form of government." 8/27/1664 four English frigates sailed into New Amsterdam harbor and demanded that the Dutch surrender. The lack of adequate fortification, ammunition, and manpower made New Amsterdam defenseless James II was the Duke of York and the brother of King Charles II of England. He was granted American territory between Delaware and Connecticut Rivers. He was ordered to drive Dutch out of New Netherland. Following its capture, the Province and City of New York was named his honor. At the time of transfer to England, the colony had an estimated population of 8,000 people, half of whom were not of Dutch descent.
New York and New Jersey Also in 1664, the Duke of York gave territory between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers to Sir George Carteret in exchange for settlement of a debt. The territory was named after the Island of Jersey, Carteret's ancestral home.The other section of New Jersey was sold to Lord Berkeley of Stratton, a loyalist during the English Civil War. As a result, Carteret and Berkeley became the Proprietors of New Jersey Lord Proprietor – Berkeley and Carteret, established a constitution and gave freemen the right to elect an Assembly. A tax could not be levied without the Assembly’s approval. The new colony attracted many settlers because Berkeley and Carteret sold land to the colonists at low prices and allowed them political and religious freedoms.
The Quakers • The first Quakers lived in 17th-century England. The movement arose from dissenting Protestants breaking away from the Church of England. • The Quakers attempted to convert others to their understanding of Christianity, travelling both throughout England and overseas, preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ. Some of these early Quaker ministers were women.They based their message on the religious belief in the universal priesthood of all believers. • Quakers – • Refused to pay taxes to the Church of England, refused military service, wore plain dress, refused to swear oaths, and opposed slavery. Harassed by Puritans, Anglicans alike for unusual methods • Quakers were on the forefront from the progressive movements such as abolition, women’s rights and the labor reform movement
Pennsylvania • Pennsylvania Colony was founded in by William Penn on March 4, 1681 as dictated in a royal charter granted by King Charles II. The name Pennsylvania translates roughly as "Penn's Woods.” This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware. The colony's charter remained in the hands of the Penn family until the American Revolution • William Penn’s father (also named William) had supported the crown during the English Civil War and his family was rewarded for his loyalty in the form of a land grant in the New World. • William Penn –
“Men must be governed by God or they will be ruled by tyrants.”William Penn
Frame of Government • Penn landed at New Castle in 1682. The colonists pledged allegiance to Penn, and the first general assembly was held. Afterwards, Penn journeyed up the Delaware River and founded Philadelphia. • Frame of Government of Pennsylvania – • The upper house, or the council, consisted of 72 members who were the first fifty purchasers of 5,000 acres or more in the colony and had the exclusive power to propose legislation. They were also authorized to supervise financial and military affairs through committees. • The lower house, or the assembly, consisted of smaller landowners. It had no power to initiate legislation, but could accept or reject the council’s legislative proposal.
“You are now fixed at the mercy of no governor that comes to make his fortune great; you shall be governed by laws of your own making and live a free, and if you will, a sober and industrious life. I shall not usurp the right of any, or oppress his person. God has furnished me with a better resolution and has given me his grace to keep it.”William Penn
Native Treaties William Penn had mandated fair dealings with Native Americans. This led to significantly better relations with the local Native tribes (mainly the Lenape) than most other colonies had. The Quakers treated Natives with respect, bought land from them voluntarily, and had representation of Natives on juries. The Quakers refused to provide any assistance to New England's Indian wars. Penn paid a total of 1200 pounds for the land, which though a large sum, was probably fair for both sides. The Delaware had many years of negotiating treaties, and were ready to sell their land to Penn. Disease had decimated much of their population so they needed less of the land near Philadelphia Penn’s heirs, John Penn and Thomas Penn, abandoned many of the elder Penn's practices. The Penns' agents began selling land in the Lehigh Valley to colonists while the Lenape still inhabited the area.
Pennsylvania Loses its Quaker Roots • After Penn's death, Pennsylvania slowly drifted away from a colony founded by religion to a secular state dominated by commerce. Soon settlers were exporting grain and other crops. Pennsylvania grew to be the 3rd most prosperous colony after Virginia and Massachusetts. • Pennsylvania was by far the best advertised English colony, attempting to lure Europeans who were religiously open, and skilled in labor. Settlers soon outnumber Quakers. • Penn's government was not viewed favorably by the settlers in Delaware. They had no allegiance to Penn, so they immediately began petitioning for their own assembly. In 1704 they achieved their goal when the three counties were permitted to split off and form Delaware. • Many of Penn's legal and political innovations took root. His unwillingness to force a Quaker majority upon Pennsylvania, allowed his state to develop into a successful "melting pot".
Colonies Begin to Take Shape • Georgia Colony's charterwas granted to General James Oglethorpe on 4/21/1732, by King George II, for whom the colony was named. • James Oglethorpe – • General Oglethorpe disagreed with slavery and thought a system of smallholdings more appropriate. Oglethorpe imagined a province populated by "sturdy farmers" who could guard the border. Oglethorpe attempted to outlaw slavery in Georgia, but the King overturned the mandate to make Georgia more attractive to settlers • Connecticut forms as farmers seek less restrictive law owners rights then provided by Massachusetts. North and South Carolina become royal colonies based on tobacco growth
Critical Thinking Question In discussing the English colonies, we must distinguish between the motives of the settlers and the motives of the government. Discuss two motives that led Englishmen to settle the New World. Discuss two motives that led the English government to encourage such a settlement.
