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CHAPTER 1&2 NOTES

CHAPTER 1&2 NOTES. KONICHEK. I.Science - The organized study of events in the universe. A. Universe- all matter, space, time, and energy B. Event- a happening along the timline of the universe- obeys Entropy II.Branches of science A. Life sciences- the biological related sciences

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CHAPTER 1&2 NOTES

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  1. CHAPTER 1&2 NOTES KONICHEK

  2. I.Science- The organized study of events in the universe. • A. Universe- all matter, space, time, and energy • B. Event- a happening along the timline of the universe- obeys Entropy • II.Branches of science • A. Life sciences- the biological related sciences • B. Earth sciences- geology/ meteorology • C. Physical sciences- chemistry and physics • 1. Chemistry- the study of how matter reacts • 2. Physics- The study of the interactions between matter and energy • a. Branch of knowledge, which studies the physical world • From atoms to the universe

  3. III Character of a physicist • A. Inquisitive people- wondering why things do what they are doing. • 1. Make observations then try to find the causes for their observations • 2. Observations lead to powerful conclusions through experimentation

  4. Scientific method- the orderly way scientist searches for answers. • A. Steps of the scientific method. - Provides a guideline for research • 1. Observe and state the problem • 2. Analyze the problem • 3. Hypothesis- an educated guess • 4. Controlled experiment- many trials, many controls, one variable • 5 conclusions- based on the observations and the experiment • 6. Repeat the procedure- provides validity of the data

  5. So math finally has a purpose • I. Tool of the physicist is mathematics • A. Should be able to do mathematical manipulations of an equation to solve for an unknown. • 1. In this class algebra 2 is recommended. • 2. College physics requires calculas

  6. II. Metric system- French scientist 1795 • A. Based on units of 10 • 1. SI-international system of units- these are uniform throughout the world. • A, Length. Mass and time are fundamental units • 1. Length=meter- defined as the multiple of wavelength of light given off by krypton-86 • 2. Mass= kilogram- mass of a platinum- iridium cylinder near Paris • 3. Time = second-1967 defined as "radiation emitted by a cesium-133 atom" • 2. Derived units-these are combinations of fundamental units (m/s), Kgm/s2

  7. III. Scientific notation- Based on exponential powers • A. Easier to work with. Makes very large or very small numbers manageable • 1. The numerical part is expressed as a number between 1 and 10, and that is multiplied by some power of 10 • B.Rules for scientific notation • 1. The decimal point is after the first figure. • 2. Count the number of places the decimal had to move and that is the exponential • a. If the decimal moved left the exponent will be positive, if the decimal moved right the exponent is negative

  8. HERE THEY ARE • IV. Prefixes used with SI (page 17) • A. Based on powers of 10. • 1) TETRA- 1012 • 2) GIGA- 109 • 3) MEGA 106 • 4) KILO 103 • 5) HECT 102 • 6) DEKA 101 • 7) BASE 100 • 8) DECI 10-1 • 9) CENTI 10-2 • 10) MILLI 10-3 • 11) MICRO 10-6 • 12) NANO 10-9 • 13) PICO 10-12

  9. V. Operations in Scientific notation • A. Adding or subtracting- always makes sure that both of the numbers have the same exponents. • B. Multiplying- Multiply the integers together, then add the exponents • C Dividing- Divide the integers then subtract the bottom exponent from the top.

  10. VI. Certainties- measurements have a degree of uncertainty- can't be avoided • A. Caused by external circumstances • 1. The angle an object is read from- Parallax • a. Parallax is the apparent shift in position from the reference point.

  11. B. Accuracy and precision • 1. Precision- the degree of exactness to which the measurement of a quantity can be reproduce. Limit presented by the measuring device • a. Trial 1 = 3.00x108 m/s • b. Trial 2 =3.02x108m/s • c. Ave= 3.001x108m/s • d. Reported 3.001x108 + .001m/s • Precision was .001m/s • 2. Accuracy- The limit to which the measured value agrees to the standard value.

  12. VII. Significant digits- the number of digits, which are valid for any measurement. • A. Rules for sig figs • 1. Nonzero digits are always significant • 2. All final zero after the decimal point are significant • 3. Zero between to significant figures are significant • 4. Zeros used solely for the purpose of spacing decimal point are not significant. • B. The number in the problem can be no more precise than the least precise measurement.

  13. VIII. Displaying data. • A. Line graph- most often used graph to record data • 1. Independent variable-This variable does not change as a result to anything • a. Time-X-Axis • 2. Dependant Variable- this is a variable, which responds to the values of the independent variable • a. Distance- Y-axis

  14. IX. Plotting points • A. Identify the dependant and independent variables • 1. Independent is on the X- axis • 2. Dependant is on the Y- axis

  15. B. Determine the range of variables to be plotted. C. Determine if the origin is needed. • D. Number and label the axis • E. Plot the points • F. Draw the best possible straight line or smooth curve that passes through as many points as possible...it's not dot-to-dot. • G. Give the graph a title that clearly represents the graph.

  16. X. Linear, quadratic and inverse functions • A. Linear- a straight-line function • 1. y=Mx+b • a. M= slope of the line or • 1.m= Y2-Y1/ X2-X1 • B. Quadratic relationships- Y= kX2 • C. inverse relationships- Y=1/x or k=xy

  17. XI. manipulation for unknowns- • X. Units-This will determine if the problem is done correctly when all the units go away and you end up with the units it’s suppose to be.

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