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INTRO TO CHEMISTRY

INTRO TO CHEMISTRY. COOMES PRE-AP BIOLOGY. WHAT ARE ELEMENTS?. Cannot be broken down 92 naturally occurring 25 required by living organisms CHON ( Carbon,Hydrogen,Oxygen,Nitrogen ) make up 96.3% of human body Atom: smallest unit of an element. COMPOUNDS. Composed of 2 or more elements

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INTRO TO CHEMISTRY

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  1. INTRO TO CHEMISTRY COOMES PRE-AP BIOLOGY

  2. WHAT ARE ELEMENTS? Cannot be broken down 92 naturally occurring 25 required by living organisms CHON (Carbon,Hydrogen,Oxygen,Nitrogen) make up 96.3% of human body Atom: smallest unit of an element

  3. COMPOUNDS Composed of 2 or more elements Examples: Sodium Chloride, Water, Carbon Dioxide

  4. SUBATOMIC PARTICLES • Atoms are made of 3 types of particles: • Protons: positive charge, in nucleus • Neutrons: neutral charge, in nucleus • Electrons: negative charge, outside of nucleus in electron cloud (orbitals)

  5. PERIODIC TABLE Contains all of the elements, arranged by class (metals, non-metals, noble gases, rare earths) and atomic number Atomic number: Number of protons Isotope: Elements with same atomic number but different atomic mass (different number of neutrons)

  6. IONIC BOND • Ion: charged atom that has lost or gained electrons • Ionic bond: eletron is transferrred • Example: Sodium chloride (table salt

  7. Table Salt Ionic bond Crystal lattice structure: very stable & strong

  8. COVALENT BONDS Electrons are shared between atoms Single bond: C-C Double bond: C=C Triple bond:C=C

  9. COVALENT BONDS When eletrons are unequally shared, the molecule is POLAR When electrons are shared equally, the molecule is NONPOLAR Nonpolar molecules are neutral Hydrophobic • Polar molecules are charged molecules • Hydrophilic

  10. HYDROGEN BONDING • Contribute to unique properties of water • Relatively weak bonds

  11. COHESION • Linking of like molecules • Water Strider (Surface Tension) • Adhesion • Water on windshield • Transpiration • Water moves up the xylem (thin tubes) and evaporates from stomata • Cling together by cohesion, “adhere” to xylem walls

  12. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT • Amount of heat required to raise or lower temperature by 1̊ C • Moderation of temperature • Makes ocean temp relatively stable and able to support more animal & plant life

  13. INSULATION OF WATER BY FLOATING ICE Water is less dense as a solid

  14. UNIVERSAL SOLVENT Able to dissolve both acids & bases

  15. PROPERTIES OF WATER LAB • Cohesion • Adhesion • Surface Tension • Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Interactions • Polar vs. Nonpolar

  16. pH Scale • Acids: excess Hydrogen Ions (H+) • Bases: excess Hydroxide OH- • Buffers minimize change in pH • Accept excess Hydrogen ions or donate depleted Hydrogen ions • Ex: Carbonic Acid (H2CO3): buffer in living systems • Blood plasma, ocean

  17. pH Lab What did we do? Control? Hypotheses? How would you determine pH without the color card?

  18. BIOMOLECULES PRE-AP BIOLOGY

  19. BIOCHEMISTRY • Chemistry of living things organized around CARBON (organic chemistry) • Methane: simplest carbon compound • Major component of natural gas

  20. HYDROCARBONS • Molecules made of only hydrogen &carbon • 2 ways to represent structures: • Model • Formula

  21. COVALENT BONDS • Share electrons • Single, double, triple bond • Hydrogen: 1 • Oxygen: 2 • Nitrogen: 3 • Carbon: 4

  22. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • R=hydrocarbon group • Alcohol • Carboxyl • Amines

  23. ALCOHOL • Functional group: (R-OH) • Hydroxide: base • R-OH: makes alcohols more soluble in water than similar molecules • Methanol: wood alcohol (antiseptic) • Ethanol: beverage Methanol Ethanol

  24. CARBOXYL • R-COOH (acid) • Releases hydrogen ions in water • “Organic acids”

  25. AMINES • R-NH2 • Organic bases because they accept hydrogen ions from acids

  26. CARBOHYDRATES • Provide energy for cells when broken down • Organic compounds made of Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen • Most have 2 atoms of hydrogen for every oxygen • Classified by # sugar units • Example: pasta

  27. MONOSACCHARIDES • Carbohydrate made of one sugar unit • Most common simple sugar: glucose • Primary cellular fuel of most organisms • The building blocks of larger CHO • Combined through biosynthesis

  28. GLUCOSE

  29. GALACTOSE

  30. FRUCTOSE (fruit sugar)

  31. 2 Monosaccharides=1 Disaccharide Sucrose (table sugar): glucose + fructose

  32. Malt Sugar=Glucose + Glucose

  33. Milk Sugar=Glucose + Galactose

  34. POLYSACCHARIDE • >2 monosaccharides • Broken down through hydrolysis • Cellulose • Starch • Glycogen

  35. CELLULOSE • Major part of leafy vegetables, whole wheat, carrots, & other plant material in your diet • Often called ‘fiber’ or ‘roughage’ • Body cannot break it down into any glucose molecules • No energy received from fiber • More fiber seems to decrease the risk of cancer in the digestive tract • Only digested by microorganisms & a few wood-eating beetles • Animals that eat grass & leaves depend on these microorganisms in their digestive tracts to digest cellulose for them • Important to diet

  36. STARCH • 100’s-1000’s of glucose molecules • Examples: potatoes, pasta

  37. GLYCOGEN • Like starch but for animals • Animals store energy as glycogen • Stored in liver & muscles

  38. LIPIDS • Non-polar organic molecules • Do not dissolve in water • Examples: vegetable oil, butter, furniture wax • Functions: • Barrier b/t cell & environment • Ex: lipid bilayer, blubber in whales • Store energy • Fatty acids: building blocks of lipids

  39. SATURATED FAT • Maximum # hydrogen atoms attached to it (SOLID) • Non-polar • Insoluble in water • No C=C bonds

  40. UNSATURATED FAT • Molecules with double bonds • C=C • LIQUID • POLYUNSATURATED: >2 C=C

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