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Berkeley Lab

Berkeley Lab . Helios Project. In the last 100 years, the Earth warmed up by ~1°C. Temperature over the last 420,000 years. Consumption of Energy Increased by 85% between 1970 and 1999. By 2020, Consumption will Triple. Global energy consumption (1998). Gas. Hydro. Renewable.

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Berkeley Lab

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  1. Berkeley Lab Helios Project

  2. In the last 100 years, the Earth warmed up by ~1°C

  3. Temperature over the last 420,000 years

  4. Consumption of Energy Increased by 85% between 1970 and 1999 By 2020, Consumption will Triple

  5. Global energy consumption (1998) Gas Hydro Renewable Total: 12.8 TW U.S.: 3.3 TW (99 Quads)

  6. Helios Solve the challenge of efficiently generating chemical fuel at low cost using solar energy Solar Driven Electrolysis Photosynthesis cheap but inefficient efficient but expensive

  7. Berkeley Lab Broad-based Energy Strategy Computation and Modeling geothermal Fusion Carbon sequestration Fossil recovery Helios Energy Efficiency

  8. Helios Nanoscience Biology Carbon dioxide methanol ethanol hydrogen hydrocarbons Water

  9. Helios Cellulose-degrading microbes Cellulose Plants Engineered photosynthetic microbes and plants Methanol Ethanol Hydrogen Hydrocarbons Artificial Photosynthesis PV Electrochemistry Electricity

  10. The Target • Light-to-Fuel at 10% Power Efficiency • $ 3/GJ (= Gasoline at $0.4/ Gallon) • Carbon Neutral • Manufacturable and Sustainable • Storable and Transportable Fuel (energy density Spec.)

  11. Energy Density Spec.

  12. Some benchmarks to consider • Biomass-to-fuel: From ~0.35% to 3.6% • At 3.6% efficiency, 100M acres of arable land (25% of total currently farmed land) will supply all fuel for transportation based on current fuel efficiency. • Light-to-electricity: 20% efficiency at mass production, $0.02/KWh • Electricity-to-chemical storage: • Presently at most 50% energy efficient; over-voltage to drive rates • Water to hydrogen 4 electrons; CO2 to methanol six electrons • Direct solar-to-fuel • Sunlight oxidizing water: 1.23 volts • Overall Power Efficiency Requirement: 10% • Fuel interconversion: • 95% selective • Greater than10,000 turnovers/sec/site

  13. Combine Nanoscience and Biological Research at LBNL 10 nm

  14. Scale of the Helios problemrequires breaking down the stovepipes

  15. Microbial production of fuels Platforms Energy sources Fuels Syngas (CO + H2) Alkanes Archae (methanogen) Alcohols Sunlight + CO2 Synechocystis Cellulose Hydrogen E. coli Starch Yeast

  16. Microbial fuels • Energy production • Production of hydrogen or ethanol • Efficient conversion of waste into energy • Conversion of sunlight into hydrogen

  17. Component Percent Dry Weight Lignocellulose Cellulose 40-60% Hemicellulose 20-40% Lignin 10-25% • Nearly universal component of biomass • Consists of three types of polymers: • Cellulose • Hemicellulose • Lignin • All three are degraded by bacteria and fungi

  18. Lignocellulose

  19. Cellulose harvesting http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/images/facbios/leschine2.jpg

  20. Cellulose to Fuel Improve upon the microbial degradation of lignocellulosic materials • Catalysts • robust enzymes • artificial catalysts • Separations • Extract ethanol from water • Better microbes • selectivity • rates • reduced toxicity • Tractable cellulose • decrease crystallinity • decrease lignin

  21. Some “natural” biofuels Botryococcus braunii Challenges: To understand the mechanisms (genes and enzymes) of hydrocarbon synthesis in natural organisms  build entirely new pathways

  22. Direct Solar to Fuel ASU • Linked light absorption charge transfer catalyst units • Biomimetic assembly • Integration Into a range of “membranes”

  23. Design of catalytic active sites Biomimetic active site design --embedded in 3D nanostructure for product separation on the nanoscale

  24. Novel Catalytic Microenvironments inorganic dendrimers and micelles Inorganic channels Organic dendrimers PNNL • control fluctuations • control “flow” of reactants and products

  25. Helios metrics for success The goal of Helios is to provide a significant breakthrough within ten years Science and technology trajectory analysis: • Identify key decision points • Address showstoppers as quickly as possible • Bi-annual international workshops to assess progress • Annual plan • Milestones and goals for ensuing three years • Semi-annual reporting • Annual Helios retreat/review with external reviewers Fuels

  26. Berkeley Lab Helios Project Further Information: Elaine Chandler, Helios@lbl.gov 510 486-6854

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